Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T04:59:43.269Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - A Cognitive Approach to Ancient Greek Animal Sacrifice

from Part I - Ritual

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2022

Esther Eidinow
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
Armin W. Geertz
Affiliation:
Aarhus Universitet, Denmark
John North
Affiliation:
University College London
Get access

Summary

This chapter considers whether scholars should be seeking ‘meaning’ when considering animal sacrifice. Ritual activity that can be described as ‘normative Greek sacrifice’ is carried out in different circumstances with very different aims, for example to propitiate and honour a god or goddess, as part of the preparation of a meal, as a process to enable divination, or as a responsibility handed on by tradition. The various ritual actions that make up ‘normative Greek sacrifice’ – including burning incense, killing the animal, examining the entrails, eating the meat, and singing hymns and offering prayers – can be carried out outside the context of animal sacrifice. I make use of theories of ritualization to argue that ‘normative Greek sacrifice’ should be seen as a collection of actions to which those who take part in it bring their own intentions and therefore provide their own meanings. I then examine the sensory impact of these actions to show that they would have been emotionally satisfying in their own right. Finally I consider cognitive theories that might explain why ‘normative Greek sacrifice’ might have been transmitted in the form it was, and suggest directions for future research to provide answers to this question.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barrett, J. 2004. Why Would Anyone Believe in God? Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.Google Scholar
Bouke van der Meer, L. 1987. The Bronze Liver of Piacenza: Analysis of a Polytheistic Structure. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Bowden, H. 2004. ‘Xenophon and the scientific study of religion’. In Tuplin, C., ed. Xenophon and His World. Stuttgart: Steiner: 229246.Google Scholar
Bowden, H. 2008. ‘Before superstition and after: Theophrastus and Plutarch on Deisidaimonia. ’ Past & Present 199 supplement 3: 5671.Google Scholar
Bowden, H. 2022. ‘Sensory approaches to divine epiphany’. In Deacy, S. & Eidinow, E., eds. Problems with Greek Gods. London: Institute of Classical Studies.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. 1994. The Naturalness of Religious Ideas: A Cognitive Theory of Religion. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, P. 2001. Religion Explained: The Human Instincts That Fashion Gods, Spirits and Ancestors. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Bremmer, J.N. 2007. ‘Greek normative animal sacrifice’. In Ogden, D., ed. A Companion to Greek Religion. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell: 132144.Google Scholar
Burkert, W. 1972. Homo Necans: Interpretationen altgriechischer Opferriten und Mythen. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Burkert, W. 1983. Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrifical Ritual and Myth. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Collins, D. 2008. ‘Mapping the entrails: The practice of Greek hepatoscopy.’ American Journal of Philology 129: 319345.Google Scholar
Detienne, M. & Vernant, J.-P. eds. 1979. La cuisine du sacrifice en pays grec. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Detienne, M. & Vernant, J.-P. eds. 1989. The Cuisine of Sacrifice among the Greeks. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Douglas, M. 1999. Leviticus As Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Durand, J.L. & Lissarrague, F. 1979. ‘Les entrailles de la cite. Lectures de signes: Propositions sur la hiéroscopie.Hephaistos 1: 92108.Google Scholar
Eberhart, C.A. 2004. ‘A neglected feature of sacrifice in the Hebrew Bible: remarks on the burning rite on the altar.Harvard Theological Review 97: 485493.Google Scholar
Ekroth, G. 2007. ‘Meat in Ancient Greece: Sacrificial, sacred, or secular.’ Food and History 5: 249272.Google Scholar
Ekroth, G. 2014. ‘Animal sacrifice in antiquity’. In Campbell, G.L., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 324354.Google Scholar
Ekroth, G. 2017. ‘Holocaustic sacrifices in ancient Greek religion: Some comments on practice and theory’. In Bielawski, K., ed. Animal Sacrifice in Ancient Greece. Proceedings of the first international workshops in Kraków. Warsaw: no named publisher: 4566.Google Scholar
Ekroth, G. 2019. ‘Why does Zeus care about burnt thighbones from sheep? Defining the divine and structuring the world through animal sacrifice in ancient Greece.History of Religions 58: 225250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faraone, C.A. & Naiden, F.S. eds. 2012. Greek and Roman Animal Sacrifice: Ancient Victims, Modern Observers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiske, A.P. & Haslam, N. 1997. ‘Is obsessive-compulsive disorder a pathology of the human disposition to perform socially meaningful rituals? Evidence of similar content.’ Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185: 211222.Google Scholar
Furley, W.D. 2007. ‘Prayers and hymns’. In Ogden, D., ed. A Companion to Ancient Greek Religion. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell: 117131.Google Scholar
Georgoudi, S. 2017. ‘Reflections on sacrifice and purification in the Greek world’. In Hitch & Rutherford 2017, 105135.Google Scholar
Graf, F. 2012. ‘One generation after Burkert and Girard: Where are the great theories’. In Faraone & Naiden 2012, 3252.Google Scholar
Grossman, J. 2019. ‘The significance of frankincense in grain offerings.Journal of Biblical Literature 138: 285296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudme, A.K. de H. 2018. ‘A pleasing odour for Yahweh: the smell of sacrifices on Mount Gerizim and in the Hebrew Bible.Body and Religion 2: 724.Google Scholar
Herz, R. 2016. ‘The role of odor-evoked memory in psychological and physiological health.Brain Sciences 6, 22: 113.Google Scholar
Hitch, S. & Rutherford, I. eds. 2017. Animal Sacrifice in the Ancient Greek World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Houston, W.J. & Dunn, J.D.G. 2003. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible: Leviticus. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Jameson, M.H. 1991. ‘Sacrifice before battle’. In Hanson, V.D., ed. Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience. London: Routledge: 197227.Google Scholar
Johnston, S.I. 1999. Restless Dead: Encounters between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Knust, J.W. & Várhelyi, Z. eds. 2011. Ancient Mediterranean Sacrifice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, U.S. 2010. ‘Three strikes and you’re out! A view on cognitive theory and first-millennium extispicy ritual’. In Annus, A., ed. Divination and Interpretation of Signs in the Ancient World. Chicago: Oriental Institute: 4359. Google Scholar
Koch, U.S. 2011. ‘Sheep and sky: Systems of divinatory interpretation’. In Radner, K. & Robson, E., eds. The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 447469.Google Scholar
Kowalzig, B. 2007. Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Larson, J. 2016. Understanding Greek Religion: A Cognitive Approach. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawson, E.T. & McCauley, R.N. 1990. Rethinking Religion: Connecting Cognition and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leuchter, M. 2010. ‘The politics of ritual rhetoric: a proposed sociopolitical context for the redaction of Leviticus 1-16.’ Vetus Testamentum 60: 345365.Google Scholar
McCauley, R.N. & Lawson, E.T. 2002. Bringing Ritual to Mind: Psychological Foundations of Cultural Forms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCauley, R.N. & Lawson, E.T. 2007. ‘Cognition, religious ritual, and archaeology’. In Kyriakidis, E., ed. The Archaeology of Ritual. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institution of Archaeology: 209253.Google Scholar
McGee, H. 2004. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. Revised edition. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Mehl, V. & Brulé, P. eds. 2008. Le sacrifice antique: Vestiges, procedures et strategies. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikalson, J.D. 2010. Ancient Greek Religion. Second Edition. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Milgrom, J. 2004. Leviticus: A Book of Ritual and Ethics. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Murray, C.A. ed. 2016. Diversity of Sacrifice: Form and Function of Sacrificial Practices in the Ancient World and Beyond. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Naiden, F.S. 2013. Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Naiden, F.S. 2015. ‘Sacrifice’. In Eidinow, E. & Kindt, J., eds. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 463475.Google Scholar
Osborne, R. & Rhodes, P.J. eds. 2017. Greek Historical Inscriptions 478-404 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Parker, R. 2011. On Greek Religion. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Parker, R. 2014. ‘Commentary on Journal of Cognitive Historiography, Issue 1.’ Journal of Cognitive Historiography 1: 186192.Google Scholar
Pulleyn, D. 1997. Prayer in Greek Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rendtorff, R. & Kugler, R.A. eds. 2003. The Book of Leviticus: Composition and Reception. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, E.P. 2016. Judaism: Practice and Belief, 63 BCE-66 CE. New edition. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Schachter, D.L. 1996. Searching for Memory: the Brain, the Mind, and the Past. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Sørensen, J. 2021. ‘Force and categorization: reflections on Marcel Mauss and Henri Hubert’s Esquisse d’une théorie general de la magie’. In Sørensen, J. & Pedersen, A.K., eds. Theoretical and Empirical Investigations of Divination and Magic: Manipulating the Divine. Leiden: Brill: 246273.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. 1983. Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
van der Horst, P.W. 2013. ‘The omen of sneezing in pagan antiquity.’ Ancient Society 43: 213221.Google Scholar
Van Straten, F.T. 1995. Hierà kalá: Images of Animal Sacrifice in Archaic and Classical Greece. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Verbeek, C. & van Campen, C. 2013. ‘Inhaling memories.The Senses and Society 8: 133148.Google Scholar
Veyne, P. 2000. ‘Inviter les dieux, sacrifice, banqueter: Quelques nuances de la religiosité gréco-romaine.’ Annales 55: 342.Google Scholar
Watts, J.W. 2007. Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus: From Sacrifice to Scripture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weddle, C.C. 2013. ‘The sensory experience of blood sacrifice in the Roman imperial cult’. In Day, J., ed. Making Sense of the Past: Toward a Sensory Archaeology. Carbondale, IL: University of Southern Illinois Press: 137159.Google Scholar
Weddle, C.C. 2017. ‘Blood, fire and feasting: The role of touch and taste in Graeco-Roman animal sacrifice’. In Betts, E., ed. Senses of the Empire: Multisensory Approaches to Roman Culture. London: Routledge: 104119.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, H. 2000. Arguments and Icons: Divergent Modes of Religiosity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, H. 2004. Modes of Religiosity: A Cognitive Theory of Religious Transmission. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×