Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T07:12:12.775Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Differential associations of parental harshness and parental disengagement with overall cortisol output at 15 years: Implications for adolescent mental health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2020

Jenalee R. Doom Open the ORCID record for Jenalee R. Doom [Opens in a new window] ,
Melissa K. Peckins ,
Tyler C. Hein ,
Hailey L. Dotterer ,
Colter Mitchell ,
Nestor L. Lopez-Duran ,
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Open the ORCID record for Jeanne Brooks-Gunn [Opens in a new window] ,
Sara McLanahan ,
Luke W. Hyde  and
James L. Abelson
...Show all authors
Jenalee R. Doom
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
Melissa K. Peckins
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, St. John's University, New York, NY, USA
Tyler C. Hein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Hailey L. Dotterer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Colter Mitchell
Affiliation:
Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Population Studies Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Nestor L. Lopez-Duran
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn
Affiliation:
Teachers College and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Sara McLanahan
Affiliation:
Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Princeton University, Princeton, NH, USA
Luke W. Hyde
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
James L. Abelson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Christopher S. Monk*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Christopher S. Monk. 2000 East Hall, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA. E-mail: csmonk@umich.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Psychosocial stress in childhood and adolescence is linked to stress system dysregulation, although few studies have examined the relative impacts of parental harshness and parental disengagement. This study prospectively tested whether parental harshness and disengagement show differential associations with overall cortisol output in adolescence. Associations between overall cortisol output and adolescent mental health problems were tested concurrently. Adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) provided hair samples for cortisol assay at 15 years (N = 171). Caregivers reported on parental harshness and disengagement experiences at 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15 years, and adolescents reported at 15 years. Both parent and adolescent reported depressive and anxiety symptoms and antisocial behaviors at 15. Greater parental harshness from 1–15 years, and harshness reported at 15 years in particular, was associated with higher overall cortisol output at 15. Greater parental disengagement from 1–15 years, and disengagement at 1 year specifically, was associated with lower cortisol output. There were no significant associations between cortisol output and depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or antisocial behaviors. These results suggest that the unique variances of parental harshness and disengagement may have opposing associations with cortisol output at 15 years, with unclear implications for adolescent mental health.

Keywords

adolescencedepressive symptomshair cortisolparental disengagementparental harshness
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , February 2022 , pp. 129 - 146
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/ 4–18 and revised child behavior profile. University of Vermont.Google Scholar
Adam, E. K., Quinn, M. E., Tavernier, R., McQuillan, M. T., Dahlke, K. A., & Gilbert, K. E. (2017). Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 83, 25–41. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adam, E. K., Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Kendall, A. D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., & Craske, M. G. (2014). Prospective associations between the cortisol awakening response and first onsets of anxiety disorders over a six-year follow-up. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 44, 47–59.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alink, L. R., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Mesman, J., Juffer, F., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Cortisol and externalizing behavior in children and adolescents: Mixed meta-analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 427–450. doi:10.1002/dev.20300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersen, S. L., & Teicher, M. H. (2008). Stress, sensitive periods and maturational events in adolescent depression. Trends in Neurosciences, 31, 183–191.10.1016/j.tins.2008.01.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, J. R., Reuben, A., Newbury, J. B., & Danese, A. (2019). Agreement between prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76, 584–593.10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baram, T. Z., Davis, E. P., Obenaus, A., Sandman, C. A., Small, S. L., Solodkin, A., & Stern, H. (2012). Fragmentation and unpredictability of early-life experience in mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 907–915.10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091347CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, K., Frost, A., Bennett, C. B., & Lindhiem, O. (2017). Maltreatment and diurnal cortisol regulation: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 78, 57–67.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Cully, M., Balach, L., Kaufman, J., & Neer, S. M. (1997). The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 545–553.10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bollen, K. A. (2002). Latent variables in psychology and the social sciences. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 605–634.10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosch, N. M., Riese, H., Reijneveld, S. A., Bakker, M. P., Verhulst, F. C., Ormel, J., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2012). Timing matters: Long term effects of adversities from prenatal period up to adolescence on adolescents’ cortisol stress response. The TRAILS study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1439–1447. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, J., Fisher, P. A., Pears, K. C., & Levine, S. (2009). Morning cortisol levels in preschool-aged foster children: Differential effects of maltreatment type. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 51, 14–23.10.1002/dev.20333CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, H. M., Davis, M. C., Otte, C., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 846–856. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busso, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2017). Dimensions of adversity, physiological reactivity, and externalizing psychopathology in adolescence: Deprivation and threat. Psychosomatic Medicine, 79, 162.10.1097/PSY.0000000000000369CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2009). Adaptive coping under conditions of extreme stress: Multilevel influences on the determinants of resilience in maltreated children. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2009, 47–59.10.1002/cd.242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N. (2014). The RDoC framework: Facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 13, 28–35.10.1002/wps.20087CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Anna-Hernandez, K. L., Ross, R. G., Natvig, C. L., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2011). Hair cortisol levels as a retrospective marker of hypothalamic–pituitary axis activity throughout pregnancy: Comparison to salivary cortisol. Physiology & Behavior, 104, 348–353.10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.041CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dannlowski, U., Kugel, H., Huber, F., Stuhrmann, A., Redlich, R., Grotegerd, D., … Baune, B. T. (2013). Childhood maltreatment is associated with an automatic negative emotion processing bias in the amygdala. Human Brain Mapping, 34, 2899–2909.10.1002/hbm.22112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Bellis, M. D., Chrousos, G. P., Dorn, L. D., Burke, L., Helmers, K., Kling, M. A., … Putnam, F. W. (1994). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 78, 249–255.Google ScholarPubMed
De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 483.10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.483CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dettenborn, L., Muhtz, C., Skoluda, N., Stalder, T., Steudte, S., Hinkelmann, K., … Otte, C. (2012). Introducing a novel method to assess cumulative steroid concentrations: Increased hair cortisol concentrations over 6 months in medicated patients with depression. Stress, 15, 348–353.10.3109/10253890.2011.619239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 355–391. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doane, L. D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M., Griffith, J. W., & Adam, E. K. (2013). Are flatter diurnal cortisol rhythms associated with major depression and anxiety disorders in late adolescence? The role of life stress and daily negative emotion. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 629–642.10.1017/S0954579413000060CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dockray, S., Susman, E. J., & Dorn, L. D. (2009). Depression, cortisol reactivity and obesity in childhood and adolescence. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 45, 344–350. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doom, J. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2013). Stress physiology and developmental psychopathology: Past, present and future. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1359–1373. doi:10.1017/s0954579413000667CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dozier, M., Manni, M., Gordon, M. K., Peloso, E., Gunnar, M. R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., … Levine, S. (2006). Foster children's diurnal production of cortisol: An exploratory study. Child Maltreatment, 11, 189–197.10.1177/1077559505285779CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Lewis, E., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Levine, S. (2008). Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 845–859.10.1017/S0954579408000400CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. (2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59, 77–92. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferdinand, R. F. (2008). Validity of the CBCL/YSR DSM-IV scales anxiety problems and affective problems. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 126–134.10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, P. A. (2017). Commentary: Is there a there there in hair? A reflection on child maltreatment and hair cortisol concentrations in White et al.(2017). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 1008–1010.10.1111/jcpp.12719CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flom, M., St. John, A. M., Meyer, J. S., & Tarullo, A. R. (2017). Infant hair cortisol: Associations with salivary cortisol and environmental context. Developmental Psychobiology, 59, 26–38.10.1002/dev.21449CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, W., Stalder, T., Foley, P., Rauh, M., Deng, H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2013). Quantitative analysis of steroid hormones in human hair using a column-switching LC–APCI–MS/MS assay. Journal of Chromatography B, 928, 1–8.10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. Jr (2001). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 37, 404.10.1037/0012-1649.37.3.404CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerber, M., Jonsdottir, I. H., Kalak, N., Elliot, C., Pühse, U., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2013). Objectively assessed physical activity is associated with increased hair cortisol content in young adults. Stress, 16, 593–599.10.3109/10253890.2013.823599CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, E. L., Checkley, S., Papadopoulos, A., Poon, L., Daley, S., & Wardle, J. (1999). Increased salivary cortisol reliably induced by a protein-rich midday meal. Psychosom Med, 61, 214–224.10.1097/00006842-199903000-00014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, A. L., Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Busso, D. S., Lambert, H. K., Alves, S., … McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 1154–1164.10.1111/jcpp.12630CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodyer, I. M., Herbert, J., Tamplin, A., & Altham, P. M. E. (2000). Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 499–504.10.1192/bjp.177.6.499CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Granger, D. A., Hibel, L. C., Fortunato, C. K., & Kapelewski, C. H. (2009). Medication effects on salivary cortisol: Tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(10), 1437–1448.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, N. A., Dhana, A., Van Der Vyver, L., Van Wyk, J., Khumalo, N. P., & Stein, D. J. (2018). Determinants of hair cortisol concentration in children: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 87, 204–214.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunnar, M. R., DePasquale, C. E., Reid, B. M., & Donzella, B. (2019). Pubertal stress recalibration reverses the effects of early life stress in postinstitutionalized children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 23984–23988.10.1073/pnas.1909699116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunnar, M. R., Doom, J. R., & Esposito, E. A. (2015). Psychoneuroendocrinology of stress. In Lamb, M. E. & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (pp. 106–151). John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Gunnar, M. R., & Vazquez, D. (2006). Stress neurobiology and developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (Vol. Vol. 2). Wiley.Google Scholar
Guterman, N. B., Lee, S. J., Taylor, C. A., & Rathouz, P. J. (2009). Parental perceptions of neighborhood processes, stress, personal control, and risk for physical child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 897–906.10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hale, W. W., Raaijmakers, Q., Muris, P., & Meeus, W. I. M. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) in the general adolescent population. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 283–290.10.1097/00004583-200503000-00013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 128.10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hankin, B. L., Badanes, L. S., Abela, J. R. Z., & Watamura, S. E. (2010). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation in dysphoric children and adolescents: cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress from preschool through middle adolescence. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 484–490.10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanson, M., & Chen, E. (2006). Socioeconomic status, race, and body mass index: The mediating role of physical activity and sedentary behaviors during adolescence. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 250–259.10.1093/jpepsy/jsl024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanson, J. L., Nacewicz, B. M., Sutterer, M. J., Cayo, A. A., Schaefer, S. M., Rudolph, K. D., … Davidson, R. J. (2015). Behavioral problems after early life stress: Contributions of the hippocampus and amygdala. Biological Psychiatry, 77, 314–323.10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harkness, K. L., Stewart, J. G., & Wynne-Edwards, K. E. (2011). Cortisol reactivity to social stress in adolescents: Role of depression severity and child maltreatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 173–181.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008). The link between childhood trauma and depression: Insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 693–710.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herman, J. P., McKlveen, J. M., Ghosal, S., Kopp, B., Wulsin, A., Makinson, R., … Myers, B. (2016). Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response. Comprehensive Physiology, 6, 603.10.1002/cphy.c150015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herman, J. P., Ostrander, M. M., Mueller, N. K., & Figueiredo, H. (2005). Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 29, 1201–1213.10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirotsu, C., Tufik, S., & Andersen, M. L. (2015). Interactions between sleep, stress, and metabolism: From physiological to pathological conditions. Sleep Science, 8, 143–152.10.1016/j.slsci.2015.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holi, M., Auvinen-Lintunen, L., Lindberg, N., Tani, P., & Virkkunen, M. (2006). Inverse correlation between severity of psychopathic traits and serum cortisol levels in young adult violent male offenders. Psychopathology, 39, 102.10.1159/000091021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huizinga, D., & Elliott, D. S. (1986). Reassessing the reliability and validity of self-report delinquency measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2, 293–327.Google Scholar
Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017). Psychopathology following severe deprivation: History, research, and implications of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. In Child maltreatment in residential care (pp. 129–148). Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-57990-0_6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015). Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 154.10.1038/npp.2014.165CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hymel, K. P. (2006). When is lack of supervision neglect? Pediatrics, 118, 1296–1298.10.1542/peds.2006-1780CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivy, A. S., Brunson, K. L., Sandman, C., & Baram, T. Z. (2008). Dysfunctional nurturing behavior in rat dams with limited access to nesting material: A clinically relevant model for early-life stress. Neuroscience, 154, 1132–1142.10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., … Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988.10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khoury, J. E., Enlow, M. B., Plamondon, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2019). The association between adversity and hair cortisol levels in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 103, 104–117.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 706–716.10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, P., Evans, G. W., Angstadt, M., Ho, S. S., Sripada, C. S., Swain, J. E., … Phan, K. L. (2013). Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 18442–18447.10.1073/pnas.1308240110CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirschbaum, C., Tietze, A., Skoluda, N., & Dettenborn, L. (2009). Hair as a retrospective calendar of cortisol production—Increased cortisol incorporation into hair in the third trimester of pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 32–37.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.Google Scholar
Knudsen, E. I. (2004). Sensitive periods in the development of the brain and behavior. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1412–1425.10.1162/0898929042304796CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018). Annual research review: Early adversity, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis, and child psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 327–346.10.1111/jcpp.12784CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koss, K. J., Mliner, S. B., Donzella, B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2016). Early adversity, hypocortisolism, and behavior problems at school entry: A study of internationally adopted children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 66, 31–38.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S. J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Berger, L. M. (2014). Parental spanking of 1-year-old children and subsequent child protective services involvement. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 875–883.10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leproult, R., Copinschi, G., Buxton, O., & Van Cauter, E. (1997). Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening. Sleep, 20, 865–870.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Seeley, J. R. (2000). Epidemiology and natural course of eating disorders in young women from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1284–1292.10.1097/00004583-200010000-00016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LoPilato, A. M., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., … Tsuang, M. T. (2019). Stress perception following childhood adversity: Unique associations with adversity type and sex. Development and Psychopathology, 32, 1–14.Google Scholar
Maciejewski, D. F., van Lier, P. A., Branje, S. J., Meeus, W. H., & Koot, H. M. (2015). A 5-year longitudinal study on mood variability across adolescence using daily diaries. Child Development, 86, 1908–1921.10.1111/cdev.12420CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manly, J. T., Kim, J. E., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: Contributions of developmental timing and subtype. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 759–782.10.1017/S0954579401004023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maziade, M., Roy, M.-A., Fournier, J.-P., Cliche, D., Mérette, C., Caron, C., … Dion, C. (1992). Reliability of best-estimate diagnosis in genetic linkage studies of major psychoses: Results from the Quebec pedigree studies. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1674–1686.Google ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 33–44. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, B. S., & Morrison, J. H. (2013). The brain on stress: Vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course. Neuron, 79, 16–29.10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578–591.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mclaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017). Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences. Biological Psychiatry, 82(7), 462–471.10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPhie, M. L., Weiss, J. A., & Wekerle, C. (2014). Psychological distress as a mediator of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and sleep quality in adolescence: Results from the Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) longitudinal Study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 2044–2052.10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michels, N., Sioen, I., Braet, C., Eiben, G., Hebestreit, A., Huybrechts, I., … De Henauw, S. (2012). Stress, emotional eating behaviour and dietary patterns in children. Appetite, 59, 762–769. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2014). Mplus user’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Osborne, C., & Berger, L. M. (2009). Parental substance abuse and child well-being: A consideration of parents’ gender and coresidence. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 341–370.10.1177/0192513X08326225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulhus, D. L., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Tracy, J. L. (2004). Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 303–328.10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peckins, M. K., Roberts, A. G., Hein, T. C., Hyde, L. W., Mitchell, C., Brooks-Gunn, J., … Lopez-Duran, N. L. (2020). Violence exposure and social deprivation is associated with cortisol reactivity in urban adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 111, 104426.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104426CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeters, F., Nicholson, N. A., & Berkhof, J. (2003). Cortisol responses to daily events in major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 836–841.10.1097/01.PSY.0000088594.17747.2ECrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollak, S. D., & Tolley-Schell, S. A. (2003). Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abused children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 323.10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.323CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, U., Hammen, C., Ortiz, L. R., Chen, L.-A., & Poland, R. E. (2008). Effects of early and recent adverse experiences on adrenal response to psychosocial stress in depressed adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 521–526.10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichman, N. E., Teitler, J. O., Garfinkel, I., & McLanahan, S. S. (2001). Fragile families: Sample and design. Children and Youth Services Review, 23, 303–326.10.1016/S0190-7409(01)00141-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, E. B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019). Neglect, HPA axis reactivity, and development. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 78, 100–108. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.07.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rice, C. J., Sandman, C. A., Lenjavi, M. R., & Baram, T. Z. (2008). A novel mouse model for acute and long-lasting consequences of early life stress. Endocrinology, 149, 4892–4900.10.1210/en.2008-0633CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rietschel, L., Streit, F., Zhu, G., McAloney, K., Kirschbaum, C., Frank, J., … Martin, N. G. (2016). Hair cortisol and its association with psychological risk factors for psychiatric disorders: A pilot study in adolescent twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 19, 438–446. doi:10.1017/thg.2016.50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saylor, C. F., Finch, A. J., Spirito, A., & Bennett, B. (1984). The Children's depression inventory: A systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 955.10.1037/0022-006X.52.6.955CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schalinski, I., Elbert, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., & Kirschbaum, C. (2015). The cortisol paradox of trauma-related disorders: Lower phasic responses but higher tonic levels of cortisol are associated with sexual abuse in childhood. PLoS One, 10, e0136921.10.1371/journal.pone.0136921CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., & Rockstroh, B. (2019). Early neglect is a key determinant of adult hair cortisol concentration and is associated with increased vulnerability to trauma in a transdiagnostic sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 108, 35–42.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreier, H. M., Enlow, M. B., Ritz, T., Gennings, C., & Wright, R. J. (2015). Childhood abuse is associated with increased hair cortisol levels among urban pregnant women. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69, 1169–1174.10.1136/jech-2015-205541CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2014). Dimensions of early experience and neural development: Deprivation and threat. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 580–585.10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shirtcliff, E. A., & Essex, M. J. (2008). Concurrent and longitudinal associations of basal and diurnal cortisol with mental health symptoms in early adolescence. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 690–703.10.1002/dev.20336CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Short, S. J., Stalder, T., Marceau, K., Entringer, S., Moog, N. K., Shirtcliff, E. A., … Buss, C. (2016). Correspondence between hair cortisol concentrations and 30-day integrated daily salivary and weekly urinary cortisol measures. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 71, 12–18.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., … Miller, R. (2017). Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 77, 261–274.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staufenbiel, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Spijker, A. T., Elzinga, B. M., & van Rossum, E. F. (2013). Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 1220–1235.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Wichmann, S., Stalder, T., Hilbert, K., Muehlhan, M., Lueken, U., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2017). Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity in generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and their comorbidity. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 84, 184–190. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steudte, S., Stalder, T., Dettenborn, L., Klumbies, E., Foley, P., Beesdo-Baum, K., & Kirschbaum, C. (2011). Decreased hair cortisol concentrations in generalised anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research, 186, 310–314. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 249–270.10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00174-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sumner, J. A., Colich, N. L., Uddin, M., Armstrong, D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Early experiences of threat, but not deprivation, are associated with accelerated biological aging in children and adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 85, 268–278. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., Susman, E. J., Shenk, C. E., & Putnam, F. W. (2010). Attenuation of cortisol across development for victims of sexual abuse. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 165–175.10.1017/S0954579409990332CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turecki, G., Ota, V. K., Belangero, S. I., Jackowski, A., & Kaufman, J. (2014). Early life adversity, genomic plasticity, and psychopathology. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 461–466.10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00022-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turney, K., & McLanahan, S. (2015). The academic consequences of early childhood problem behaviors. Social Science Research, 54, 131–145.10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.06.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P. (2009). Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 10, 397–409. doi:10.1038/nrn2647CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Vegt, E. J., Van Der Ende, J., Kirschbaum, C., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2009). Early neglect and abuse predict diurnal cortisol patterns in adults: A study of international adoptees. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 660–669.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.11.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Praag, H., Kempermann, G., & Gage, F. H. (2000). Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 1, 191.10.1038/35044558CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, R. N. (1981). Effects of environmental complexity and deprivation on brain anatomy and histology: A review. International Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 33–51.10.3109/00207458108990671CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, C., MacMillan, H. L., & Jamieson, E. (2003). The relationship between parental substance abuse and child maltreatment: Findings from the Ontario Health Supplement. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1409–1425.10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.07.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Q., Van Heerikhuize, J., Aronica, E., Kawata, M., Seress, L., Joels, M., … Lucassen, P. J. (2013). Glucocorticoid receptor protein expression in human hippocampus; stability with age. Neurobiology of Aging, 34, 1662–1673.10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wei, J., Sun, G., Zhao, L., Yang, X., Liu, X., Lin, D., … Ma, X. (2015). Analysis of hair cortisol level in first-episodic and recurrent female patients with depression compared to healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 299–302.10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, L. O., Ising, M., von Klitzing, K., Sierau, S., Michel, A., Klein, A. M., … Müller-Myhsok, B. (2017). Reduced hair cortisol after maltreatment mediates externalizing symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 998–1007.10.1111/jcpp.12700CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, A., Kroll, L., Moore, A., & Harrington, R. (1995). Properties of the mood and feelings questionnaire in adolescent psychiatric outpatients: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 327–334.10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01828.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Doom et al. supplementary material

Doom et al. supplementary material

Download Doom et al. supplementary material(File)
File 191.4 KB