This chapter delves into the challenges and rewards of working in remote areas of countries such as Australia and small Pacific nations. Teaching strategies are presented to assist in maintaining a positive learning environment in remote and small Pacific-nation classrooms. The importance of the relationships among and between parents, students, teachers and other community members is explored, along with practical suggestions for making the most of the available resources. This chapter explores strategies for making the most of available resources and the invaluable professional experience of working in these areas.

Histories of urban sound have often fixated on the regulation of soundscapes and sensitivities to noise – frequently on the part of a perpetually rising bourgeoisie. Using the case study of the ’news-horn’, a tubular instrument used by newspaper vendors, this chapter offers an alternative way of understanding the changing soundscapes of towns and cities: rhythm. Developing from the post-horn which had been used in England since the sixteenth century, the news-horn became a common sound on the streets of 1770s London. However, with the growth of newspaper print and news from the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, the intensity and frequency of the news-horns’ blasts increased. This produced an arrythmia in London’s soundscape that clashed with other street sounds, sabbath-day silence, and the busy hum of London’s commercial centres. During the 1820s this resulted in the disappearance of the news-horn from London’s streets. Looking back from the mid-nineteenth century, many writers did not celebrate the news-horn’s removal. Instead, they remembered its sound with a fond nostalgia. The news-horn was one among many casualties in the emergence of a new London soundscape that replaced a pointillist pattern of auditory information with a roaring blanket of urban noise.

Youth citizenship manifests in complex, contentious ways, as youth continuously negotiate the meaning of citizenship through actions and relations with peers and elders. Citizenship plays out through lived experiences, ranging from the police encounters, to the sociality of voting, to carework for a neighbor. Income, church attendance, gender identity, and country context shape these experiences, leading everyday citizenship to vary widely. Extending the book’s lessons to other marginalized populations through survey data on rural youth in Ghana, Tanzania, and Uganda, we discover that, in comparison to urban youth, significantly more rural youth attend community activities, vote, and advocate, though they are less legalistic. We urge future research on how these patterns play out through localized words and deeds. In conclusion, despite the severe constraints of economic inequality, gerontocracy, patriarchy, repression, and corruption that many African urban youth face, youth are agentic, creative, and eager to lead their communities and countries.

Elder mistreatment, defined as action or negligence against a vulnerable older adult that causes harm or risk of harm, either committed by a person in a relationship with an expectation of trust or when an older person is targeted based on age or disability, is common and may have serious medical and social consequences. Elder mistreatment includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional/psychological abuse, financial exploitation, and self-neglect.

Although homelessness is a societal problem across the US, 60% of people experiencing homelessness are located in urban centers. Structural factors such as lack of affordable housing are the central drivers of urban homelessness, rather than migration patterns or individual characteristics such as substance use and mental illness. Unhoused individuals have a larger burden of disease compared to the general population, with higher mortality rates even when controlling for other factors. Although emergency departments provide access to some of the lowest barrier health care in urban areas, unhoused patients are more susceptible to deviations from the standard of care. Clinicians risk making biased or uninformed triage and treatment decisions for this patient population, which creates the potential for poor clinical outcomes. Emergency clinicians should treat people experiencing homelessness with respect and provide an appropriate evaluation and disposition as determined by presenting complaint as well as associated health and social needs. In addition to clinical care, EDs can provide people experiencing homelessness with connection to support services to improve health outcomes.

Early modern Europe was a mobile society, but migration has primarily been described in terms of men seeking work, as labourers, apprentices, journeymen, soldiers or sailors. Long-distance migration was primarily male, but the much more common shorter-distance migration from countryside to town or from town to town was predominantly female. Men came to cities and often left again; women moved to cities and stayed. In most cities in Western Europe by 1700 women outnumbered men. This imbalance most likely resulted from women immigrating or men emigrating. Women, like men, moved primarily at younger ages and overwhelmingly in search of work. Women moving to towns are commonly associated with domestic service, but we show that only around half of all female immigrants worked as servants, and even these worked mostly for artisanal and trading households, assisting in the household business. The other half worked in institutions such as hospitals, as labourers in transport and as apprentices and journeywomen in manufacturing and the rapidly growing retail opportunities. We survey existing findings on female migration and the economic significance of marriage and lay out the territory for future research, challenging current theories on migration and showing the impact of gender.

Volume 1 of The Cambridge History of Global Migrations documents the lives and experiences of everyday people through the lens of human movement and mobility from 1400 to 1800. Focusing on the most important typologies of preindustrial global migrations, this volume reveals how these movements transformed global paths of mobility, the impacts of which we still see in societies today. Case studies include those that arose from the demand for free, forced, and unfree labor, long- and short-distance trade, rural/urban displacement, religious mobility, and the rise of the number of refugees worldwide. With thirty chapters from leading experts in the field, this authoritative volume is an essential and detailed study of how migration shaped the nature of global human interactions before the age of modern globalization.

Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Global Migrations presents an authoritative overview of the various continuities and changes in migration and globalization from the 1800s to the present day. Despite revolutionary changes in communication technologies, the growing accessibility of long-distance travel, and globalization across major economies, the rise of nation-states empowered immigration regulation and bureaucratic capacities for enforcement that curtailed migration. One major theme worldwide across the post-1800 centuries was the differentiation between “skilled” and “unskilled” workers, often considered through a racialized lens; it emerged as the primary divide between greater rights of immigration and citizenship for the former, and confinement to temporary or unauthorized migrant status for the latter. Through thirty-one chapters, this volume further evaluates the long global history of migration; and it shows that despite the increased disciplinary systems, the primacy of migration remains and continues to shape political, economic, and social landscapes around the world.

Rushdie’s work is intertwined with a range of urban landscapes and needs to be contextualized in relation to urban planning, infrastructures, and the complex way his characters navigate these. Bombay/Mumbai remains a central focal point for his writing, from Midnight’s Children to The Ground Beneath Her Feet. The Satanic Verses is closely wedded to an exploration of 1980s London, but increasingly his focus is on New York, which provides the setting for Fury, Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights, and The Golden House. The chapter explores the wider context of the cityscapes with which Rushdie engages and how the urban environment shapes and structures his narratives, and reveals the darker undersides of crime and corruption with which these cities have become associated. It suggests that Rushdie’s formal techniques and linguistic innovativeness cannot be adequately understood without reference to the cities that have always played such an important role in his writing. Almost all of his main concerns as a writer emerge naturally, and can be examined most productively, in the space of the metropolis.

On 29 March 2008, Zimbabwe’s ninth poll took place. Zanu PF felt insecure being in power, legitimised by only 47 and 19.5 per cent in the 2005 parliamentary and senate election, respectively. Following changes to the Constitution of Zimbabwe in September 2007, the electorate was asked to vote for a set of four political representatives for: president, parliament, senate and local government council. The 2008 socio-economic contexts showed that the electoral playing field and election processes and outcomes echoed excesses of previous flawed elections. The 29 March and 27 June 2008 elections were critical watershed moments in that while the March elections were the most peaceful (and even enjoyable) since the genesis of Zimbabwe’s mega-crisis in 2000, the June run-off will go down in history as the bloodiest since independence. The pre-poll arena for the harmonised elections had hallmarks of a rigged election, especially the use of state-financed patronage, poor voter education, the decrepit state of the voters’ roll and the violent pronouncements by members of the military-security sector, all of which skewed the playing field in favour of the incumbent regime.