Product-service systems (PSSs) are regarded as one of the promising ways to contribute to a sustainable society. Despite the well-developed knowledge, PSS design lack of long-term perspective to treat related changes and uncertainties. To address this issue, this paper proposes a conceptual framework of sustainable PSS design for sustainability transition by integrating insight from design approach for system innovation and transition. Applicability of the proposed framework is illustrated through application to example of PSS development project for wildlife nuisance in a suburban city.

Cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry in spontaneous gravity wave radiation from a co-rotating vortex pair is investigated in an $f$-plane shallow water system. The far field of gravity waves is derived analytically by analogy with the theory of aeroacoustic sound wave radiation (Lighthill theory). In the derived form, the Earth’s rotation affects not only the propagation of gravity waves but also their source. While the results correspond to the theory of vortex sound in the limit of $f\rightarrow 0$, there is an asymmetry in gravity wave radiation between cyclone pairs and anticyclone pairs for finite values of $f$. Anticyclone pairs radiate gravity waves more intensely than cyclone pairs due to the effect of the Earth’s rotation. In addition, there is a local maximum of intensity of gravity waves from anticyclone pairs at an intermediate $f$. To verify the analytical solution, a numerical simulation is also performed with a newly developed spectral method in an unbounded domain. The novelty of this method is the absence of wave reflection at the boundary due to a conformal mapping and a pseudo-hyperviscosity that acts like a sponge layer in the far field of waves. The numerical results are in excellent agreement with the analytical results even for finite values of $f$ for both cyclone pairs and anticyclone pairs.

It is shown that various spectroscopic methods based on measurements of X-ray spectra radiated from cluster targets can be used for estimation of the destruction degree of clusters by laser prepulses. These methods allow insight to be gained regarding the important issue of preservation of the dense cluster core at the moment of the arrival of the main laser pulse. In addition, they can be used for quantitative estimation of the size of the undestroyed parts of the clusters and also for measuring the temperature and density of the preplasmas produced by the laser prepulses.

High quality quantum wire (QWR) structures with an emitting wavelength in the 1.5-μm range were self-organized in an In0.65Ga0.35As/In0.52Al0.48As quantum well layer grown on a (775)B-oriented InP substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. Photoluminescence (PL) from the (775)B In0.65Ga0.35As/In0.52Al0.48As QWRs with a nominal well width of 4.8 nm was observed at 1.43 μm at 12 K, which corresponds to a PL wavelength of about 1.5 μm at room temperature. The PL peak was considerably polarized along the wire direction with a polarization degree of P [= (I∥ - I⊥) / (I∥ + I] ⊥)] = 0.14, indicating its good one-dimensionality. The FWHM of the PL peak was as small as 17 meV, which is the best value for InGaAs QWRs on InP substrates.

A TEM observation of fission neutron-irradiated copper at 300°C shows that the maximum size of stacking fault tetrahedra (sft) observed is 6 nm of edge length which corresponds to a cluster of 280 vacancies and the minimum size of voids is 2.2 nm in diameter which corresponds to a cluster of 470 vacancies. The result suggests that a vacancy cluster whose size is smaller than 300 vacancies grows to sft while a cluster whose size is larger than 500 vacancies relaxes to a void in 300°C-irradiated copper. A computer simulation of molecular dynamics (MD) with an isotropic EAM potential examined this model. It is found that a vacancy cluster that is smaller than 300 vacancy segregates to a (111) platelet and relaxes to an sft. Small vacancy clusters which are generated at damage cascade cores aggregate to spherically distributed vacancies for the size of more than 500 vacancies, and relax to several (111) platelets, which finally form a vacancy (111) polyhedron. Inside a polyhedral vacancy platelet, vacancies are confined and grow to a void at high temperature.

A 14 MeV D-T(fusion) neutron irradiation was carried out at fusion neutron source facility (FNS) in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). Specimen temperature was controlled to 288 K. Fluence was 6.1 × 1017to 1.1 × 1021 n/m2. Both TEM thin foil and bulk specimens were irradiated at the same position. At 1018 n/m2, defects observed were single isolated dot defects. With increasing fluence, dot defects changed to complicate structure and made groupings. In a dot group, interstitial clusters and vacancy clusters were observed together. The present result was explained by the modeling that point defects in a nascent damage cascade move in crystal at 288 K and form their defect groupings.

In copper which was irradiated by fission neutrons at 300°C in a temperature controlled rig to 0.0003 dpa with the damage production rate of 6 × 10−5 dpa/hr, the number of voids exceeds the number of gas atoms of hydrogen and helium which were generated by the transmutation reaction. The number density of voids was almost the same in as-received and gas-atomremoved copper which was neutron irradiated to 0.0003 dpa. These results suggest that voids can be formed by clustering of only vacancies. In 5 MeV Ni-ion irradiated copper, voids could not be observed in specimens which were irradiated between 200°C and 450°C from 0. 1 dpa to 30 dpa with the damage production rate of 6 dpa/hr. Voids were observed only in copper which was Ni-ion irradiated at 500°C. The difference of void formation on neutron-irradiation and ionirradiation is discussed. It is concluded that the production rate of damage is an important factor on the void formation in irradiated metals.

Pure copper and Fe-15Cr-2ONi alloy were irradiated at 500°C by 5 MeV Ni ions (single beam), Ni ions plus gas atoms (H and He) (dual beam irradiation) or triple beam of Ni, He and H ions (triple beam irradiation) simultaneously. Irradiation was carried out with accelerators TIARA at Takasaki-establishment of JAERI. Thin specimens were prepared with the combined technique of FIB (Focus Ion Beam) and electro-polishing. Damage structure versus the depth from surface was examined by TEM. In Fe-15Cr-20Ni alloy, voids were formed in the range of Ni ion irradiated specimens. In Fe-Cr-Ni alloy which is irradiated by a dual beam of Ni ion and He ion, the number density of voids increased significantly at the stopping range of He atoms. Remarkable results are void formation in specimens irradiated with dual beam of Ni and H ions, only voids of very small size were observed through the range of specimen. In irradiated specimen with triple beam, the size of voids was suppressed to be smaller than that of irradiated specimens with Ni and He ions. In pure copper which is irradiated with dual beam of helium and Ni ions, number density of voids were increased significantly. While in copper irradiated with hydrogen and Ni ions, number density of voids were not so large. Experimental results show that helium atoms have strong effect for void formation, while hydrogen atoms suppress void formation because the remarkable degradation of movement of small vacancy clusters can be induced by trapping hydrogen atoms.

Silicon-based polymers with σconjugated electrons have specific properties; photoreactivity for microlithography and photoconductivity for hole transport materials. To explore the possibility of combining these two properties to develop photoresists with electronic transport capability, photoconductivity of polysilanes is investigated in connection with their photoinduced chemical modification. Increase in photocurrent is observed accompanying photoreaction of poly(dimethylsilane) vacuum deposited films. This increase is found to be greatly enhanced in oxygen atmosphere. Such changes of photocurrent can be explained by charge transfer to electron acceptors from Si dangling bonds postulated to be formed during photoreaction.

Since the success of synthesis the molecular structure of the endohedral metallofullerene is a most interesting subject in relation to the electronic state of metal and carbon cage. Highquality crystals of endohedral metallofullerene La@C82 have been synthesized by the arc discharge and HPLC method. The x-ray powder diffraction and the precession photograph of a tiny single crystal have revealed the cubic structure with the space group I43d and the lattice constant ao = 25.72 ± 0.007 Å at room temperature. The structure is characterized by the molecular arrangement in which the molecules align in the [111] direction with the molecular axis orienting in the same [111] direction; this structure suggests the existence of a dipole interaction between the molecules. The metal position in the cage is also discussed on the basis of an ellipsoidal model of molecule.