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3 results

  • Dietary habits, metabolic health and vitamin D status in Greenlandic children

  • Julie Courraud, Jonas Salling Quist, Eva Kontopodi, Martin Blomberg Jensen, Poul Jannik Bjerrum, Jørn Wulff Helge, Kaspar Sørensen
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 23 / Issue 5 / April 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 October 2019, pp. 904-913
    • Article
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  • Objective:

    To compare the dietary habits of children living in northern villages and in the capital of Greenland, given the reported transition from traditional to westernised diet in adults over recent decades, and to explore the association between consumption of marine mammals and fish (MMF) and the children’s metabolic profile and vitamin D status.

    Design:

    Children answered an FFQ encompassing sixty-four individual food types pooled into six food categories. Their pubertal stage, body fat, fitness level, metabolic profile (non-HDL-cholesterol, glycated Hb, insulin, glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) as well as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration were evaluated.

    Setting:

    Siorapaluk and Qaanaaq (north of Greenland) and Nuuk (west).

    Participants:

    Children aged 6–18 years (n 177).

    Results:

    MMF were most frequently eaten by children from Siorapaluk (mean (sd): 73·4 (14·1) times/month), followed by children from Qaanaaq (37·0 (25·0) times/month), and least often eaten by children from Nuuk (23·7 (24·6) times/month; P < 0·001). Children from Qaanaaq consumed ‘junk food’ more frequently (P < 0·001) and fruits and vegetables less frequently (P < 0·01) than children from Nuuk. MMF consumption was positively associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration (P < 0·05), but the overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was high (18 %). No association was found between MMF consumption and metabolic parameters.

    Conclusions:

    The dietary transition and influence of western diets have spread to the north of Greenland and only the most remote place consumed a traditional diet highly based on MMF. We found no strong associations of MMF consumption with metabolic health, but a positive association with vitamin D status.

  • 16 - Visual Object Discovery

  • Edited by Sven J. Dickinson, University of Toronto, Aleš Leonardis, University of Ljubljana, Bernt Schiele, Technische Universität, Darmstadt, Germany, Michael J. Tarr, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
  • Book:
    Object Categorization
    Published online:
    20 May 2010
    Print publication:
    07 September 2009, pp 301-323

  • Summary

    The Problem of Object Discovery

    It is perhaps not inaccurate to say that much of the brain's machinery is, in essence, devoted to the detection of repetitions in the environment. Knowing that a particular entity is the same as the one seen on a previous occasion allows the organism to put into play a response appropriate to the reward contingencies associated with that entity. This entity can take many forms. It can be a temporally extended event, such as an acoustic phrase or a dance move, a location, such as a living room, or an individual object, such as a peacock or a lamp. Irrespective of what the precise entity is, the basic informationprocessing problem is the same – to discover how the complex sensory input can be carved into distinct entities and to recognize them on subsequent occasions. In this chapter, we examine different pieces of knowledge regarding visual object discovery and attempt to synthesize them into a coherent framework.

    Let us examine the challenges inherent in this problem a little more closely. Consider Figure 16.1(a). This complex landscape appears to be just a random collection of peaks and valleys, with no clearly defined groups. Yet it represents an image that is easily parsed into distinct objects by the human visual system. Figure 16.1(b) shows the image that corresponds exactly to the plot shown in Figure 16.1(a), which simply represents pixel luminance by height. It is now trivial for us to notice that there are three children, and we can accurately delimit their extents as shown in Figure 16.1(c).

  • A Twin Study of Human Red Blood Cell Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase

  • Leon Grunhaus, Richard Ebstein, Robert H. Belmaker, S. Gerald Sandler, Wulff Jonas
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 128 / Issue 5 / May 1976
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 January 2018, pp. 494-498
    Print publication:
    May 1976

  • Significant sibling-sibling and within-family correlations of human red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase activity have suggested a high degree of genetic control over levels of activity of this catecholamine-related enzyme. However, family studies do not disentangle genetic from environmental similarities as causative of within-family correlations. We therefore undertook a human twin study using the monozygotic-dizygotic comparison method. Twelve pairs of monozygotic twins had an intraclass correlation of .90 in red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase activity, and seven pairs of dizygotic twins had an intraclass correlation of .37. Heritability of the enzyme activity was estimated by different methods as between 68–100 per cent.