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20 results

  • 1 - What It Takes to Share a Task

  • from Part I - Foundations
  • Edited by Sukhvinder S. Obhi, McMaster University, Ontario, Emily S. Cross, Bangor University
  • Book:
    Shared Representations
    Published online:
    27 October 2016
    Print publication:
    17 November 2016, pp 3-21

  • Summary

    In this chapter we examine task representations in shared task settings like the joint (“social”) Simon task. Over the past decade, ideas pertaining to shared representations and co-representation have been advanced to account for performance in such settings (Knoblich & Sebanz, 2006; Knoblich, Butterfill, & Sebanz, 2011; Wenke et al., 2011). Here we argue that we can do without these notions. On the one hand, we show that shared representations cannot account for typical findings in shared task settings. This is the negative part. On the other hand, we show that task performance can be explained by the claim that individuals shape their individual task representations according to the needs of the shared task. This is the positive part. Consequentially, we claim that performance in shared task settings relies on shaping individual representations, not sharing common representations (Dolk et al., 2011; Dolk, Hommel, Prinz, & Liepelt, 2013).

  • Commentary on Part III - Body and action representations for integrating self and other

  • from Part III - Bodily correspondences
  • Edited by Virginia Slaughter, University of Queensland, Celia A. Brownell, University of Pittsburgh
  • Book:
    Early Development of Body Representations
    Published online:
    25 October 2011
    Print publication:
    20 October 2011, pp 267-282

  • Summary

    The topic of Part III of the present book is the integration of the two previous sections that either focus on the representation of one’s own body or on the representation of another individual’s body. The four contributions of Part III document how these two aspects are integrated during development. In the present commentary, we will first briefly recapitulate the four chapters included in Part III. We will then integrate these finding into a broader picture and suggest a developmental course of body representations. Finally, we will provide an outlook on how future research should approach the topic of the integration of self and other, what the shortcomings of previous research are, and share ideas on how they can be overcome.

    Recapitulation

    The authors of the four chapters approach the topic of integrating self and other from four different perspectives. Gliga and Southgate (Chapter 10) emphasize the role of actions in infants’ development of body representations. They discuss findings that show that infants first come to build representations about the function of the human body, including goal-directed and intentional actions, before they develop representations about the structure of the human body.

The Imitative Mind
  • Development, Evolution and Brain Bases
  • Edited by Andrew N. Meltzoff, Wolfgang Prinz
  • Published online:
    22 September 2009
    Print publication:
    18 April 2002
  • Imitation guides the behaviour of a range of species. Scientific advances in the study of imitation at multiple levels from neurons to behaviour have far-reaching implications for cognitive science, neuroscience, and evolutionary and developmental psychology. This volume, first published in 2002, provides a summary of the research on imitation in both Europe and America, including work on infants, adults, and nonhuman primates, with speculations about robotics. A special feature of the book is that it provides a concrete instance of the links between developmental psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science. It showcases how an interdisciplinary approach to imitation can illuminate long-standing problems in the brain sciences, including consciousness, self, perception-action coding, theory of mind, and intersubjectivity. The book addresses what it means to be human and how we get that way.

  • Chapter 39 - Basic Molecular Biology of Blood Groups

  • from SECTION 3 - MOLECULAR THERAPEUTICS
    • By Wolfgang Prinz, BSc (Hons), MBA, PhD, formerly senior lecturer in the Divisions of Medical Biochemistry and Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, is now an honorary member of staff of the Division of Molecular Medicine and Haematology. His main research interest is monoclonal antibodies.
  • Edited by Barry Mendelow, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Michèle Ramsay, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Nanthakumarn Chetty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wendy Stevens, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
  • Book:
    Molecular Medicine for Clinicians
    Published by:
    Wits University Press
    Published online:
    04 June 2019
    Print publication:
    01 October 2008, pp 438-440

  • Summary

    All cells express on their surface a multitude of macromolecules that represent potential anti gens when introduced into a ‘foreign’ environment. This simple immunological fact is the crux of the problem of rejection in tissue trans plants and allografts. Red cells, which are no exception to this phenomenon, attracted attention earlier because of the high incidence of casualties, accidents and operations that necessitate blood transfusions. Of the many potential antigens displayed on the plasma membrane of erythrocytes only three, viz. the A, B and Rhesus (or D) antigens, are of real clinical significance in the over whelming majority of instances.

    It should be mentioned here that anti - bodies to ‘self-antigens’ occur very rarely. The reason for this fortunate circumstance is that the immune system is ‘educated’ to respect and tolerate self. This educational process commences during fetal life and is completed in very early infancy, and it is believed that it eliminates ‘forbidden’ self-reactive clones of lymphocytes. When for some reason the ‘educational process’ fails, the consequent immunological ‘ignorance’ gives rise to a variety of autoimmune diseases.

    ABO BLOOD GROUPS

    The core structure of the major blood group antigens (A and B) is the so-called H-substance. H-substance is an oligosaccharide anchored in the red cell membrane by covalent attachment to ceramide (a lipid) and membrane-bound protein. ABO blood groups are determined by the presence of allelic genes coding for glycosyl - transferase enzymes which modify the terminal galactose residue of H-substance: the covalent attachment of N-acetylgalactosamine to the third carbon position of the terminal galactose produces the A antigen, whereas the addition of a further galactose moiety at the same position of the terminal galactose of H-substance produces the B antigen. The O gene produces no transferase that would modify the core oligosac charide; hence the H-substance remains unchanged. The derivation of the major blood group antigens is summarised in Figure 1.

    The blood group designations A, B, AB and O indicate the phenotype of an individual's red cells. These red cell ‘antigens’ are inherited according to a simple Mendelian system involving three allelic genes called A, B and O. The A gene controls the formation of A-substance and the B gene controls the expression of B-substance, but the O gene is not expressed.

  • Chapter 25 - Immunology

  • from SECTION 2 - MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY
    • By Wolfgang Prinz, BSc (Hons), MBA, PhD, formerly senior lecturer in the Divisions of Medical Biochemistry and Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, is now an honorary member of staff of the Division of Molecular Medicine and Haematology. His main research interest is monoclonal antibodies., Mieneke Smit van Dixhoorn, a senior lecturer in the Division of Immunology, University of the Witwatersrand. She graduated from Leiden University in 1998 with a PhD in experimental IgA nephropathy and her post-doctoral work has focused on gene expression in xeno-transplantation, resulting in 20 peer-reviewed publications. She is a former Friedland Fellow., Elizabeth Mayne, MB BCh is currently a registrar in the Division of Molecular Medicine and Haematology but knows secretly that all medicine is really just about immunology. In her spare time, she studies the history of the Ancient Near East and Psychology., Ahmed A Wadee, obtained his BSc (Hons) at the University of Toronto and has both masters and PhD degrees from the University of the Witwatersrand.
  • Edited by Barry Mendelow, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Michèle Ramsay, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Nanthakumarn Chetty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wendy Stevens, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
  • Book:
    Molecular Medicine for Clinicians
    Published by:
    Wits University Press
    Published online:
    04 June 2019
    Print publication:
    01 October 2008, pp 289-310

  • Summary

    INTRODUCTION

    Immunology can be defined as the study of the reactions of a host when foreign sub stances are introduced into the body. Foreign sub stances that induce immune responses are referred to as antigens and are usually infectious agents. However, antigens may also be harm less environmental substances, such as pollen, which could trigger a response in certain individuals.

    Early studies in immunology concentrated largely on the body's ability to protect itself and com bat antigens. As knowledge of the field accumulated, the scope of immunology has broadened significantly to include the study of molecular mechanisms and the genetic basis for the immune response, recognition of the body's response to self-antigens in autoimmune diseases, the phenomenon of hypersensitivity and the manipulation of the immune system to suppress graft rejection and increase immune surveillance against cancerous cells. The defence systems are divided into two broad categories: innate immunity (representing non-specific defences) and adaptive immunity (specific defences).

    INNATE IMMUNITY

    The innate immune system works on the basis of pattern recognition of several highly con - served structures present on or in different micro-organisms. The innate system present in all classes of plants and animals provides an immediate defence, which is not long-lasting.

    The most important line of defence in the body is the physical barrier which is provided by intact skin and mucosal surfaces. The physical barrier is supplemented by:

  • • Continuous movement, for example the movement of cilia in the respiratory tract

  • • Commensal bacteria, especially in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

  • • Secretion of antimicrobial substances such as surfactant in the lungs, lysozyme in tears and hydrochloric acid in the GIT.

    • Once a pathogen has penetrated these physical barriers, it is recognised as foreign. This relies on certain pattern recognition molecules, such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs). These surface receptors bind to a host of diverse microbial pro ducts including components of bacterial cellular membranes such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative cell walls and peptidogly cans from Gram-positive cell walls. Receptor binding results in intracellular signalling and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

  • Codes and their vicissitudes

  • Bernhard Hommel, Jochen Müsseler, Gisa Aschersleben, Wolfgang Prinz
  • Journal:
    Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 24 / Issue 5 / October 2001
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 November 2002, pp. 910-926

  • First, we discuss issues raised with respect to the Theory of Event Coding (TEC)'s scope, that is, its limitations and possible extensions. Then, we address the issue of specificity, that is, the widespread concern that TEC is too unspecified and, therefore, too vague in a number of important respects. Finally, we elaborate on our views about TEC's relations to other important frameworks and approaches in the field like stages models, ecological approaches, and the two-visual-pathways model.

  • The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning

  • Bernhard Hommel, Jochen Müsseler, Gisa Aschersleben, Wolfgang Prinz
  • Journal:
    Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 24 / Issue 5 / October 2001
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 November 2002, pp. 849-878

  • Traditional approaches to human information processing tend to deal with perception and action planning in isolation, so that an adequate account of the perception-action interface is still missing. On the perceptual side, the dominant cognitive view largely underestimates, and thus fails to account for, the impact of action-related processes on both the processing of perceptual information and on perceptual learning. On the action side, most approaches conceive of action planning as a mere continuation of stimulus processing, thus failing to account for the goal-directedness of even the simplest reaction in an experimental task. We propose a new framework for a more adequate theoretical treatment of perception and action planning, in which perceptual contents and action plans are coded in a common representational medium by feature codes with distal reference. Perceived events (perceptions) and to-be-produced events (actions) are equally represented by integrated, task-tuned networks of feature codes – cognitive structures we call event codes. We give an overview of evidence from a wide variety of empirical domains, such as spatial stimulus-response compatibility, sensorimotor synchronization, and ideomotor action, showing that our main assumptions are well supported by the data.

  • 8 - Experimental approaches to imitation

  • Edited by Andrew N. Meltzoff, University of Washington, Wolfgang Prinz, Max-Planck-Institut für psychologische Forschung, Germany
  • Book:
    The Imitative Mind
    Published online:
    22 September 2009
    Print publication:
    18 April 2002, pp 143-162

  • Summary

    The title of this chapter can be read in two ways, referring to method and theory. As regards method I will discuss a number of experimental paradigms we have been developing in our lab over the past few years in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying performance in imitation tasks. As regards theory I will elaborate on the broader theoretical framework that forms their background. In the first place, this framework provides us with principles to direct our research. At a later point it will, hopefully, also provide us with more detailed models and mechanisms to account for the basic findings. In this chapter I will first introduce the theoretical framework, then discuss pertinent experimental work from our lab, and finally draw some major general conclusions.

    Framework

    The study of imitation has two faces. On the one face, imitation and related phenomena have never been an object of systematical study in the experimental analysis of human performance in adults. In a way, imitational behavior appears to be too complex for experimental analysis. This is mainly because a number of things need to be studied at the same time. When A mimics B, we need to give an account of (1) the model's actions (as a stimulus for the imitator), (2) the imitator's perception of the model's action, and (3) the imitator's action itself. Obviously, this is quite a complex network of variables as compared to the standard type of situation normally captured in experiments on cognition and action.

  • An introduction to the imitative mind and brain

  • Edited by Andrew N. Meltzoff, University of Washington, Wolfgang Prinz, Max-Planck-Institut für psychologische Forschung, Germany
  • Book:
    The Imitative Mind
    Published online:
    22 September 2009
    Print publication:
    18 April 2002, pp 1-16

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Imitation guides the behavior of a range of species. Advances in the study of imitation, from brain to behavior, have profound implications for a variety of topics including consciousness, the neural underpinnings of perception-action coding, and the origins of theory of mind. Human beings are the most imitative creatures on the planet. We create but we also imitate, and this combination provides us with a special (though perhaps not unique) cognitive-social profile. This book provides insights into the imitative mind and brain, its evolution, development, and place in adult psychology. In so doing, it addresses a longstanding puzzle about how “self” and “other” are coded within our brains.

    Scope

    Imitation has a long and rich history. From a historical perspective, the interest in imitation is much broader than the more focused treatment we give it in the present book. For example, in the past, the term imitation has been used in a number of different ways in domains as diverse as theory of art, theology, ethology, cultural anthropology, and psychology. Platonic and Aristotelian theories, drama, the visual arts, and music were conceived as using the imitation of nature (imitatio naturae) as a principle of aesthetic performance. In medieval theology, the notion of imitatio christi stood for the way man could regain resemblance with God (lost through the Fall of Man), by leading a life in humility, hardship, and poverty.