Human leishmaniasis is a world-wide public health problem with more than 400000 new reported cases/year (Anon, 1984) in the tropics and subtropics. Were (1985) has estimated that Leishmaniases affect about 20 million people in the Third World. In hospitals where treatment is available, initially all positive cases are treated equally; it is the prognosis and follow-up that varies according to the causative organism. A wide variety of species or subspecies of Leishmania may be present in a small verrucose lesion developing after an infected sandfly bite or appear in lesions as the disease progresses. Depending on which Leishmania is present a clinial decision must be made whether to treat with drugs of varying toxicity or not.

As a consequence of strain relaxation, Ge coherent islands on Si(001) substrates evolve to different shapes as islands grow. By measuring the size and the strain simultaneously in a large population of individual islands using two simple and robust plan-view transmission electron microscopy-based techniques, we can identify island shapes easily because island shape is a function of strain. We briefly introduce the mechanisms of these two techniques. We then show that there is a metastable shape of Ge islands involved in the shape transition between pyramids and domes. The strain relaxation changes discontinuously as islands grow from pyramids to the metastable form and then finally to domes indicating that the shape transition between pyramids and domes is first order. We also show that the shape of this metastable island is a truncated dome and the faceted planes are {103}.

Business negotiations often involve cooperative arrangements. Sometimes one party will renege on a cooperative enterprise for short-term opportunistic gain. There is a common assumption that such behavior necessarily leads to a spiral of mutual antagonism. We use some of the philosophical literature to frame general research questions and identify relevant variables in dealing with defection. We then describe an experimental approach for examining the possibility of reconciliation and discuss the results of one such experiment where participants were the victims of defection. In contrast to the initial assumptions we found that many participants were willing to reconcile, and that penance conditions, when demanded, were less stringent than expected. We suggest that these findings warrant further study and have implications for business dealings.

Very little can be learnt about [retribution] from Aristotle’s Politics or his three ethics. In modern ethico-political concepts of justice (in Hobbes, Rousseau and Hegel), the problem of retribution appears in conjunction with other problems and is not of central importance.—Agnes Heller

We describe a quantitative method for measuring the strain in small islands, and show results for coherent Ge islands on Si. The method uses dark field images from backside thinned samples in the transmission electron microscope. We show that no independent strain models are needed in the measurement, which employs an excellent “abrupt displacement” approximation. Results show that the strain in Ge domes is higher than in pyramids as expected.

At 650°C, Si freely intermixes with Ge in the dome islands causing a reduction in the strain of the islands and an increase in island size. The shape reversal of Ge/Si domes to pyramids is investigated by analysis of the strain and size changes that occur on an island by island basis. This was carried out for anneal times of 0, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. Transition islands were observed consistent with previous work[1], which are partially domes and partially pyramids. These islands demonstrated a strain gradient, having a slightly lower strain on the side that has transformed to a pyramid. Cross-sectional STEM was then used to show that this strain gradient is associated with a non-uniform Si intermixing in the islands.

During a controlled zinc depletion-repletion study, fifteen men aged 25.3 (sd 3.3) years were fed on a low-Zn diet with high phytate:Zn and phytate × calcium: Zn molar ratios for 7 weeks, followed by a 2 week repletion period when 30 mg supplemental Zn/d was given. Changes in plasma, urine, and hair Zn concentrations, taste acuity, and cellular immune response confirmed the development of mild Zn deficiency. Zn concentrations in neutrophils, platelets, erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes, mean platelet volume, and activities of alkaline phosphatse (EC 3.1.3.1) and α-d-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) in neutrophils did not respond to changes in Zn status. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase activity in erythrocyte membranes showed a significant decline which was consistent in all subjects (nmol product formed/min per mg protein; baseline v. 7-week Zn depletion, 0.656 (sd 0.279) v. 0.506 (sd 0.230), at 7 weeks; P < 0.05); neutral phosphatase activity remained unchanged. Alkaline phosphatase activity in erythrocyte membranes may be a potential index of Zn status in humans

Late in November 1981, Mr M. Wright of the Danywenallt Centre, Talybont, noticed fragments of prehistoric pottery and an associated cremation burial in an area eroded by walkers in the pathway on Fan y Big (SO 03712057; fig. 1). The site lies at a height of 655 m on one of the denuded spurs of the northern escarpment of the Beacons (pl. 12). The find itself lay next to a small dry-stone beacon about 1 m high, on the knife-edge of the spur and less than 10m away from the precipitous cliffs which drop away for about 100 m to either side. Behind the spur, to the south, is a slight plateau covered in eroding peat hags with a little cotton grass.

The ground was frozen at the time of the discovery to a depth of about 3 cm, and the obvious vulnerability of the pottery to destruction by the weather or the passage of human feet necessitated immediate action to preserve it. A small excavation team supervised by C. S. Briggs was hastily assembled to undertake this task in bitter weather several days later.

The implantation temperature dependence of dopant solubility and electrical activity was investigated for Sn, Cd and Te ions in GaAs. Implantation doses of 5×1012 – 5×1015 cm−2 were performed in the temperature range from LN2 to 400°C, followed by rapid thermal annealing (950°C) or furnace annealing between 650°C and 850°C. Solubilities above 1020 cm−3 were obtained for all of the species, with a peak value of 2.5×1021 cm−3 for Te after 850°C furnace annealing. However essentially no correlation existed between dopant solubility and electrical activity or between electrical activity and the high density of defects remaining after many of the annealing cycles. This emphases the role of fine scale, point defect complexes in controlling the electrical activity of implanted dopants in GaAs.

The diffusion of Cu, Ag and Au has been measured in implanted, amorphous Si, over the range 150–600° C. The diffusion coefficients are characterized by Arrhenius relationships with activation energies for Cu, Ag and Au of 1.25, 1.6 and 1.4 eV respectively. The solubility of Au in amorphous Si was measured to be 6 orders of magnitude greater than crystalline Si at a temperature of 515°C. The Cu, Ag and Au are segregated ahead of the moving amorphous-crystalline interface. The presence of Au can increase the velocity of the interface.

A comprehensive review is presented of the use of transient thermal processing for the activation of implanted dopants, the alloying of ohmic contacts, the pulse diffusion of Zn for p+ contacts, and other heat treatments of GaAs. In all cases, transient processing produces results at least as good as furnace heating, and in some instances, markedly better. The special needs of GaAs, such as encapsulation of the wafer surface, and prevention of slip and warpage are discussed, as well as recent results detailing implant damage removal processes during transient annealing.