High dietary salt intake is a known risk factor for hypertension. However, Australians continue to consume excessive amounts of salt. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers, enablers and strategies to reduce salt in a sample of Australian adults with hypertension. This was a qualitative study. Participants were asked a set of open-ended questions during focus groups conducted between October 2020 and April 2021. Sessions were recorded and transcribed. Using an inductive approach, the transcript data from the focus groups were thematically analysed. This involved checking accuracy, becoming familiar with the data, coding responses based on questions, identifying themes through common patterns and validating themes by grouping similar questions that represented the data and study aim effectively. Thirty-one adults (55 % females) with high blood pressure participated in the focus group discussions. Participants demonstrated good knowledge of high blood pressure risk factors but lacked an understanding of recommended salt intake levels and sources of hidden salt. Challenges in reducing salt intake included the limited availability of low-salt commercial foods. Participants suggested improved food labelling and the use of technology-based interventions to promote healthier choices. Findings highlight the need for behavioural interventions, policy reforms and collaborations between the government, food industries and health organisations to address high salt intake in the population.

The time-evolution of glacier basal motion remains poorly constrained, despite its importance in understanding the response of glaciers to climate warming. Athabasca Glacier provides an ideal site for observing changes in basal motion over long timescales. Studies from the 1960s provide an in situ baseline dataset constraining ice deformation and basal motion. We use two complementary numerical flow models to investigate changes along a well-studied transverse profile and throughout a larger study area. A cross-sectional flow model allows us to calculate transverse englacial velocity fields to simulate modern and historical conditions. We subsequently use a 3-D numerical ice flow model, Icepack, to estimate changes in basal friction by inverting known surface velocities. Our results reproduce observed velocities well using standard values for flow parameters. They show that basal motion declined significantly (30–40%) and this constitutes the majority (50–80%) of the observed decrease in surface velocities. At the same time, basal resistive stress has remained nearly constant and now balances a much larger fraction of the driving stress. The decline in basal motion over multiple decades of climate warming could serve as a stabilizing feedback mechanism, slowing ice transport to lower elevations, and therefore moderating future mass loss rates.

Background: External comparisons of antimicrobial use (AU) may be more informative if adjusted for encounter characteristics. Optimal methods to define input variables for encounter-level risk-adjustment models of AU are not established. Methods: This retrospective analysis of electronic health record data included 50 US hospitals in 2020-2021. We used NHSN definitions for all antibacterials days of therapy (DOT), including adult and pediatric encounters with at least 1 day present in inpatient locations. We assessed 4 methods to define input variables: 1) diagnosis-related group (DRG) categories by Yu et al., 2) adjudicated Elixhauser comorbidity categories by Goodman et al., 3) all Clinical Classification Software Refined (CCSR) diagnosis and procedure categories, and 4) adjudicated CCSR categories where codes not appropriate for AU risk-adjustment were excluded by expert consensus, requiring review of 867 codes over 4 months to attain consensus. Data were split randomly, stratified by bed size as follows: 1) training dataset including two-thirds of encounters among two-thirds of hospitals; 2) internal testing set including one-third of encounters within training hospitals, and 3) external testing set including the remaining one-third of hospitals. We used a gradient-boosted machine (GBM) tree-based model and two-staged approach to first identify encounters with zero DOT, then estimate DOT among those with >0.5 probability of receiving antibiotics. Accuracy was assessed using mean absolute error (MAE) in testing datasets. Correlation plots compared model estimates and observed DOT among testing datasets. The top 20 most influential variables were defined using modeled variable importance. Results: Our datasets included 629,445 training, 314,971 internal testing, and 419,109 external testing encounters. Demographic data included 41% male, 59% non-Hispanic White, 25% non-Hispanic Black, 9% Hispanic, and 5% pediatric encounters. DRG was missing in 29% of encounters. MAE was lower in pediatrics as compared to adults, and lowest for models incorporating CCSR inputs (Figure 1). Performance in internal and external testing was similar, though Goodman/Elixhauser variable strategies were less accurate in external testing and underestimated long DOT outliers (Figure 2). Agnostic and adjudicated CCSR model estimates were highly correlated; their influential variables lists were similar (Figure 3). Conclusion: Larger numbers of CCSR diagnosis and procedure inputs improved risk-adjustment model accuracy compared with prior strategies. Variable importance and accuracy were similar for agnostic and adjudicated approaches. However, maintaining adjudications by experts would require significant time and potentially introduce personal bias. If findings are confirmed, the need for expert adjudication of input variables should be reconsidered.

Disclosure: Elizabeth Dodds Ashley: Advisor- HealthTrackRx. David J Weber: Consultant on vaccines: Pfizer; DSMB chair: GSK; Consultant on disinfection: BD, GAMA, PDI, Germitec

Background: In September 2022, UNC Hospitals was awarded a Regional Emerging Special Pathogens Treatment Center (RESPTC) grant by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) to care for up to two patients with viral hemorrhagic fever, or similar pathogen, and up to ten patients with novel respiratory pathogens. Intensive infection prevention efforts and timely multidisciplinary commitment was required to develop the Space, Strategy, Staff, and Stuff needed to care for patients with a special pathogen. Methods: Multiple space needs assessments were undertaken to acquire spaces for the care of patients, simulation training, and a dedicated laboratory. Strategies for developing the response plan required collaboration with hospital executives, nursing leadership, public health leaders, and regional partners. Staff were recruited across various disciplines to join the response team and were provided hands-on skills training which was assessed by post-training surveys. Specialized ‘stuff’ (i.e., PPE, training equipment, and waste management devices) were researched and procured for use by the team. Results: Patient care and dedicated laboratory space was identified within existing infrastructure, and renovation plans were developed to adapt the space for these specialized activities. A waste management plan that benefits the hospital for routine waste and allows for Category A waste management was approved. Fifty-three staff members were recruited from 3 main disciplines (RNs, MDs, Paramedics), and across numerous settings (Medicine Acute Care & ICU, Pediatric ICU & Stepdown, Air Care/Transport, Burn ICU, Surgery Stepdown, Emergency Medicine, Infection Prevention, Infectious Disease) were trained during five 4-hour training sessions, culminating in an exercise involving transporting a rule–out Ebola patient to the hospital’s special pathogens unit. Post-training evaluations demonstrated a very high level of confidence (‘strongly agree’) in staffs’ knowledge about the RESPTC site (92.3%), special pathogens (80.8%), collaboration needed for managing patient care (80.8%), and in their comfort with special PPE donning and doffing (73.1%). Conclusions: Using a systematic approach to develop Space, Strategy, Staff, and Stuff, a large academic hospital readied itself to become a new RESPTC site. Key lessons learned include the importance of a multidisciplinary response team; local, state, and regional coordination for care planning and delivery; and early community partnership development. Logistical infrastructure and waste management challenges continue to require partnership with hospital leadership to optimize workflows and patient care. Holistic decision-making around infrastructure has led to changes that benefit all hospital patients and offer efficiencies to

Disclosure: William Fischer: Consultant - Roche, Merck, Inhalon Biopharma; Speaker for ACGME - IMG. David J Weber: Consultant on vaccines: Pfizer; DSMB chair: GSK; Consultant on disinfection: BD, GAMA, PDI, Germitec

The authors report on ancient DNA data from two human skeletons buried within the chancel of the 1608–1616 church at the North American colonial settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. Available archaeological, osteological and documentary evidence suggest that these individuals are Sir Ferdinando Wenman and Captain William West, kinsmen of the colony's first Governor, Thomas West, Third Baron De La Warr. Genomic analyses of the skeletons identify unexpected maternal relatedness as both carried the mitochondrial haplogroup H10e. In this unusual case, aDNA prompted further historical research that led to the discovery of illegitimacy in the West family, an aspect of identity omitted, likely intentionally, from genealogical records.

Global music history projects have become increasingly popular in recent years. Going global has its advantages: it develops conversations between researchers working on disparate regions; it sheds light on larger frameworks that are less evident on smaller scales of analysis; it decentres how we teach music history; and it retraces a global hinterland for music systems that have conventionally been called ‘Western’. At the same time, the global history approach raises challenges for researchers working on the world beyond Europe. In particular, there is the danger of unintentionally reinstating Eurocentrism, either by uncritically exporting research questions based on the European experience to the wider world, or by narrowing our focus onto those musicians and scholars who engaged with European ideas and practices, especially in colonial settings. This work is valuable, but it also comes with risks. This essay considers these problems through a case study: a largely forgotten music scholar, Goswami Pannalal, who travelled and taught across north India in the late nineteenth century. Examining his musicological study in Hindi, the Nād Binod (‘Sonic Delight’, 1896), I consider how far asking ‘global’ questions might shed light on his work, and offer an alternative reading based on a ‘significant geographies’ approach.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Contingency management (CM) procedures yield measurable reductions in cocaine use. This poster describes a trial aimed at using CM as a vehicle to show the biopsychosocial health benefits of reduced use, rather than total abstinence, the currently accepted metric for treatment efficacy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this 12-week, randomized controlled trial, CM was used to reduce cocaine use and evaluate associated improvements in cardiovascular, immune, and psychosocial well-being. Adults aged 18 and older who sought treatment for cocaine use (N=127) were randomized into three groups in a 1:1:1 ratio: High Value ($55) or Low Value ($13) CM incentives for cocaine-negative urine samples or a non-contingent control group. They completed outpatient sessions three days per week across the 12-week intervention period, totaling 36 clinic visits and four post-treatment follow-up visits. During each visit, participants provided observed urine samples and completed several assays of biopsychosocial health. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary findings from generalized linear mixed effect modeling demonstrate the feasibility of the CM platform. Abstinence rates from cocaine use were significantly greater in the High Value group (47% negative; OR = 2.80; p = 0.01) relative to the Low Value (23% negative) and Control groups (24% negative;). In the planned primary analysis, the level of cocaine use reduction based on cocaine-negative urine samples will serve as the primary predictor of cardiovascular (e.g., endothelin-1 levels), immune (e.g., IL-10 levels) and psychosocial (e.g., Addiction Severity Index) outcomes using results from the fitted models. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This research will advance the field by prospectively and comprehensively demonstrating the beneficial effects of reduced cocaine use. These outcomes can, in turn, support the adoption of reduced cocaine use as a viable alternative endpoint in cocaine treatment trials.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To introduce the new Team Science Community Toolkit, co-created by community and academic partners, and showcase its potential to empower Community Organizations (COs) in achieving equity in community-engaged research (CER). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In response to the challenges faced by COs in CER collaborations, qualitative interviews were conducted with CO staff from historically marginalized communities. These interviews informed the development of the Team Science Community Toolkit, a collaborative effort involving a Community Advisory Board (CAB) and Team Science experts from Northwestern University. The toolkit, designed using a community-based participatory research approach, incorporates the Science of Team Science and User-Centered Design principles. Integrated into the NIH-sponsored COALESCE website, it includes templates, checklists, and interactive tools, along with a real-world simulation, to support COs in all stages of the research process. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Focus groups and usability testing involving external community experts validated the toolkit’s content and usability. Participants expressed enthusiasm and a sense of empowerment, indicating that the toolkit allows them to actively shape research processes and infuse their specific voices and needs into their partnerships. The toolkit is designed to support breaking down barriers like jargon and cultural adaptability to improve accessibility and open conversation. The impact of this Team Science focused toolkit is under evaluation. This presentation will showcase the toolkit, detail its collaborative development, and explore potential applications, ultimately offering a path to more equitable and valuable community-based research. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: By providing COs with the resources and knowledge to participate as equal partners in research collaborations, it enhances self-advocacy, transparency, and equity. The toolkit has the potential to utilize Team Science to foster productive communication in community-academic research partnerships.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To determine in vitro mechanisms by which fruits and vegetables (FV) contribute to colon barrier development in Latin American infants. We hypothesize that simulated colonic fermentation of FVs will stimulatein vitro cell barrier function by activating the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway in colonocytes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: FVs consumed by US-based Latin American infants 6-12 months old (identified from NHANES-What We Eat in America Surveys) will be combined with human breast-milk samples from women self-identified as Hispanic or non-Hispanic, and then subjected to in vitro digestion and anaerobic colonic fermentation using human feces. FV fermenta will be incubated with Caco2 monolayers to measure in vitro cell permeability and protein levels of cellular tight junction, metabolic, and HIF signaling enzymes. To examine their effects in vivo, FVs identified to modulate in vitro barrier function, will be fed (5% freeze dried powder) to wild-type mice and the above parameters will be examined. If in vivo effects are found, intestinal specific HIF knockout mice will be used to examine the role of HIF signaling in mediating these effects. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expect that fermenta derived from human milk and FVs will reduce in vitro gut permeability in Caco2 monolayers by increasing gene and protein expression of the HIF signaling complex relative to fermenta of human milk alone. This will be reflected with higher cellular trans-epithelial resistance and greater expression levels of tight junction proteins. We expect FV powder consumption will similarly increase in vivo gut permeability and expression of related genes in mice as compared to mice fed diets without FVs. As we expect an increase in HIF signaling in the colon, we expect that FV powder consumption will not enhance in vivo gut permeability in mice colons with an intestinal specific knockout of HIF. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Data from this study will provide mechanistic evidence to help clinicians promote relevant FVs recommendations for Latin American infants and families. Due to the link between gut permeability and obesity, our next step will be to conduct a dietary intervention in this population.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To describe the strategies our newly created Patient Partners Program has planned for engaging diverse patients in the co-creation of our planned Patient Partner Academy. We will elicit feedback from other CTSAs about their strategies for promoting individual patient partnerships in research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our program to promote authentic patient-researcher partnerships to advance clinical and translational research is grounded in participatory approaches to maximize meaningful engagement. The process of creating our Patient Partners Academy is co-led by a patient partner and national leader in re-envisioning the role of patients in research, and a University of Michigan faculty member who advocates for patient partnerships in research. Listening sessions and community engagement studios will involve the developers of patient partner training programs, patient partners who have received research capacity training (as well as researchers and patient partners interested in collaborative research. Insights from these sessions will inform the development of learning models and curriculum content. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Through individual listening sessions and community engagement studios we will collect data on the barriers and facilitators to patient partner engagement in research and the experiences and preferred learning models in patient partner training programs. Both the listening sessions and community engagement studios will be recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for common themes. We aim to answer three questions: What do patient partners need to be meaningfully engaged as equal partners across the research continuum? How can we best engage people who experience serious illness or chronic conditions and may be underserved by healthcare systems? What do researchers, faculty, and clinicians need to create trusting, collaborative relationships with patient partners? DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Integrating patient partners into study teams accelerates innovation and translational science, increases the relevance of research findings, improves health outcomes and patient empowerment, and elevates the value of the patient perspective allowing researchers to gain a new point of view from an individual with lived experience.

During the Middle Horizon (AD 600–1000), obsidian was transported in greater quantities and distances than ever before identified in the Andes, in part by the expansionary Wari state. Two of the three major obsidian sources used in the south-central Andes are located in the modern department of Arequipa, Peru. Arequipa was a region of intense Wari influence and intrusive presence; however, little is known about regional obsidian use. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were used to analyze 383 obsidian artifacts recovered from 10 archaeological sites in Arequipa. Results highlight diachronic and spatial patterning related to obsidian procurement strategies, state versus bottom-up exchange networks, and local participation within the Wari realm. A wide variety of geological obsidian sources, including nonlocal obsidians originating from Wari's Ayacucho heartland, were used. By the late Middle Horizon, the Wari had consolidated regional resources with the sole use of Alca-1 and Alca-4 bedrock obsidians, the largest-sized and highest-quality sources in the area. We assess related models of obsidian procurement and exchange related to state political economy, long-distance caravan activity, and the role of local ceremonial/waystation centers that facilitated the flow of ideas, goods, and people across Arequipa.

A series of natural clays, including 1:1 layer silicates (serpentines, kaolin minerals), smectites, vermiculite, micas, talc, pyrophyllite, sepiolite, and palygorskite, were studied by 19F magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The 19F chemical shift in these layer silicates is characteristic of the structure, in particular, to the local octahedral cation occupancy. Fluoride ions bonded to three Mg octahedral cations have a chemical shift of about −177 ppm and those bonded to two Al cations and a vacancy have a chemical shift of about −134 parts per million (ppm). The shift at −182.8 ppm in hectorite is apparently associated with fluoride bonded to two Al cations and a Li cation. Surprisingly, the difference in chemical shift of the interlayer and inner fluoride in 1:1 layer silicates is insufficient to distinguish these sites. Based on trends in chemical shift, it appears that fluoride substitution for inner hydroxyls in clays with octahedral substitution is not random. Fluoride is apparently preferentially associated with Mg rather than Al in the octahedral sheet as no resonance due to a fluoride bonded to two Al cations and a vacancy is observed in clays such as SAz-1.

The enthalpy of hydration of natural clinoptilolite was determined by isothermal immersion calorimetry on Ca-, Na- and K-exchanged clinoptilolite (Fish Creek Mountains, Nevada). Heats of immersion of clinoptilolite were determined at initial H2O contents ranging from θ = 0.02 to 0.85 (where θ is the ratio [H2O content]/[maximum H2O content]). The heat of immersion (liquid H2O reference state) of Ca-clinoptilolite ranged from -7.5 (θ = 0.87) to -25.7 kJ/mol-H2O (θ = 0.19); values for Na-clinoptilolite ranged from -6.3 (θ = 0.85) to -21.8 kJ/mol-H2O (θ = 0.11); and values for K-clinoptilolite ranged from -7.7 (θ = 0.80) to -24.6 kJ/mol-H2O (θ = 0.02). Linear regression of the calorimetric data provided the following values for the complete heat of immersion (from θ = 0): Ca-clinoptilolite, -30.3 ± 2.0; Na-clinoptilolite, -23.4 ± 0.6; and K-clinoptilolite, -22.4 ± 0.8 kJ/mol-H2O.

The heat of immersion measurements were compared with the enthalpy of hydration results of Carey and Bish (1996) determined in a thermogravimetric study of the same samples. The heat of immersion data are similar but of smaller magnitude than the values of enthalpy of hydration and are believed to be more accurate because they represent direct measurements of this thermodynamic property.

The effect of dehydration of clinoptilolite on the thermal evolution of the potential high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain was considered by comparing the amount of energy consumed by clinoptilolite dehydration with the amount of energy necessary to heat rocks lacking hydrous minerals. The extra energy consumed on heating clinoptilolite from 25 to 200 °C ranges between 70 and 80% in excess of that required for nondehydrating materials (that is, clinoptilolite acts as a heat sink). These results indicate that accurate thermohydrologic modeling of rock units at Yucca Mountain should consider the thermal effect of dehydration/hydration processes in clinoptilolite and other hydrous minerals, in addition to the water produced/adsorbed during heating/cooling.