This study demonstrates the accumulation of electron-induced secondary electrons by utilizing a simple geometrical configuration of two branches of a charged insulating biomaterial. The collective motion of these secondary electrons between the branches has been visualized by analyzing the reconstructed amplitude images obtained using in situ electron holography. In order to understand the collective motion of secondary electrons, the trajectories of these electrons around the branches have also been simulated by taking into account the electric field around the charged branches on the basis of Maxwell’s equations.

Room-temperature synthesis of transition metal ( TM = Co, Ni and Mn ) oxide intercalated clays has been developed, which extends the potentiality of clay based materials for the design of electroactive nanophase. The structure was examined by using powder XRD - one-dimensional Fourier analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurement as well as conventional analytical methods. From the results, it was revealed that the oxidation by using NaClO as the oxidative reagent affords a new expanded layer structure with a basal spacing of about 1.96 nm wherein a conductive TM oxide sheetadjacent to two hydrated sodium ion layers resides in the gallery of the clay. The resultant sodium cobaltate interlayered smectite bears multi-functionality; an apparent bulk conductivity in the order of 10−5 Scm−1 and a cation exchange ability.

The topology of the Fermi surface in La2CuO4-σ is determined by two dimensional angular correlation measurements of annihilation radiations (2D-ACAR) at room temperature. The determined Fermi surface is two dimensional and has a slender electron pillar along ΓZ and two kinds of hole pillars along PX and along NN direction parallel to ΓZ, respectively, in the Bradley and Cracknell notation modified by Yu, Freeman and Xu. It is concluded that the Fermi surface is not a simple half filled one and this compound should be metallic at least at room temperature in the band picture.