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23 results

Page 1 of 2

  • 3 - Poverty and Education in Scotland: Reality and Response

  • Edited by Ian Thompson, University of Oxford, Gabrielle Ivinson, Manchester Metropolitan University
  • Book:
    Poverty in Education across the UK
    Published by:
    Bristol University Press
    Published online:
    10 March 2021
    Print publication:
    02 September 2020, pp 65-86

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The discussion and critical examination of poverty, child poverty and the impact of child poverty on school education in Scotland has intensified in recent years. This has been provoked by the increase in the level of poverty and a greater awareness of the effects of poverty and deprivation. The levels of child poverty have remained more stable but are still disturbingly high. Arguably, a more informed and nuanced understanding of the complexity of these issues has begun to emerge and influence public consciousness. There is now greater cognisance that children are dependents and are affected by the financial resource issues faced by their parents or carers. These challenges can include longterm unemployment or the cycle of ‘low pay, no pay’ (Thompson, 2015). There has been a rise in the level of working poverty in Scotland as the percentage of the workingage population in relative poverty has risen from 48% in 1996– 99 to 59% in 2014– 2017 (Scottish Government, 2019a). These challenges all lead to temporary or longerterm financial insecurity that impact on the lives of children and their readiness to participate in all social and academic aspects of school life.

    There has also been an increased focus on research and the collation of information on child poverty and the impact of child poverty on school education. There are numerous ways to measure child poverty and deprivation and there is a substantial body of evidence on attainment and achievement (these will be discussed later in the chapter). There is also evidence that gender and disability are important factors that can be barriers to work and this has an effect on the household income (Congreve and McCormick, 2018). Around 40% of the children living in poverty are in a family with a disabled member, usually an adult. For half of these children, there is no adult working in the household. The children themselves may be the primary or sole carer for a disabled adult: there are approximately 44,000 young carers (young people under 18) in Scotland who care for a friend or a member of the family because of illness, disability, mental health or addiction (Scottish Government, 2018a).

  • Activity patterns related to depression symptoms in stressed dementia caregivers

  • Stephen F. Smagula, Brant P. Hasler, Richard Schulz, Jessica L. Graves, Charles F. Reynolds III, Howard J. Aizenstein, Daniel J. Buysse, Robert T. Krafty, Martica H. Hall
  • Journal:
    International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 35 / Issue 7 / July 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 October 2019, pp. 373-380
    • Article
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  • Objectives:

    Self-reported activity restriction is an established correlate of depression in dementia caregivers (dCGs). It is plausible that the daily distribution of objectively measured activity is also altered in dCGs with depression symptoms; if so, such activity characteristics could provide a passively measurable marker of depression or specific times to target preventive interventions. We therefore investigated how levels of activity throughout the day differed in dCGs with and without depression symptoms, then tested whether any such differences predicted changes in symptoms 6 months later.

    Design, setting, participants, and measurements:

    We examined 56 dCGs (mean age = 71, standard deviation (SD) = 6.7; 68% female) and used clustering to identify subgroups which had distinct depression symptom levels, leveraging baseline Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale–Revised Edition and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) measures, as well as a PHQ-9 score from 6 months later. Using wrist activity (mean recording length = 12.9 days, minimum = 6 days), we calculated average hourly activity levels and then assessed when activity levels relate to depression symptoms and changes in symptoms 6 months later.

    Results:

    Clustering identified subgroups characterized by: (1) no/minimal symptoms (36%) and (2) depression symptoms (64%). After multiple comparison correction, the group of dCGs with depression symptoms was less active from 8 to 10 AM (Cohen’s d ≤ −0.9). These morning activity levels predicted the degree of symptom change on the PHQ-9 6 months later (per SD unit β = −0.8, 95% confidence interval: −1.6, −0.1, p = 0.03) independent of self-reported activity restriction and other key factors.

    Conclusions:

    These novel findings suggest that morning activity may protect dCGs from depression symptoms. Future studies should test whether helping dCGs get active in the morning influences the other features of depression in this population (i.e. insomnia, intrusive thoughts, and perceived activity restriction).

  • Cool, wet conditions late in the Younger Dryas in semi-arid New Mexico

  • Stephen A. Hall, William L. Penner, Manuel R. Palacios-Fest, Artie L. Metcalf, Susan J. Smith
  • Journal:
    Quaternary Research / Volume 77 / Issue 1 / January 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 January 2017, pp. 87-95

  • A thick alluvial sequence in central New Mexico contains the Scholle wet meadow deposit that traces upstream to a paleospring. The wet meadow sediments contain an abundant fauna of twenty-one species of freshwater and terrestrial mollusks and ten species of ostracodes. The mollusks and ostracodes are indicative of a local high alluvial water table with spring-supported perennial flow but without standing water. Pollen analysis documents shrub grassland vegetation with sedges, willow, and alder in a riparian community. Stable carbon isotopes from the wet meadow sediments have δ13C values ranging from − 22.8 to − 23.3‰, indicating that 80% of the organic carbon in the sediment is derived from C3 species. The wet meadow deposit is AMS dated 10,400 to 9700 14C yr BP, corresponding to 12,300 to 11,100 cal yr BP and overlapping in time with the Younger Dryas event (YD). The wet meadow became active about 500 yr after the beginning of the YD and persisted 400 yr after the YD ended. The Scholle wet meadow is the only record of perennial flow and high water table conditions in the Abo Arroyo drainage basin during the past 13 ka.

  • Future Research Directions for Weed Science

  • J. Christopher Hall, Laura L. Van Eerd, Stephen D. Miller, Micheal D. K. Owen, Timothy S. Prather, Dale L. Shaner, Megh Singh, Kevin C. Vaughn, Stephen C. Weller
  • Journal:
    Weed Technology / Volume 14 / Issue 3 / September 2000
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 January 2017, pp. 647-658

  • A Research Committee was established by the Weed Science Society of America to outline the direction of weed science research during the next decade. Weeds adversely affect humans in both agricultural and nonagricultural environments. It is the opinion of the research committee that weed science will be advantageously positioned for the future if research focuses on research decision processes, weed biology and ecology, weed control and management practices, herbicide resistance, issues related to transgenic plants, environmental issues, and potential benefits of weeds. These future weed science research directions endorse those of the commodity and grower input group Coalition for Research on Plant Systems (CROPS)'99, a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)-supported initiative. The future of weed science is dependent on a joint effort from industry, government regulators, and the public sector consisting of grower groups, as well as USDA, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), and university researchers. It is our opinion that efforts spent on these research areas will benefit not only growers, commodity groups, homeowners, and industry, but society at large, through the maintenance and improvement of the food and fiber production system, and the environment in North America.

  • Authors' reply

  • Stephen M. Lawrie, J. Hall, A. M. McIntosh, D. G. C. Owens, E. C. Johnstone
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 198 / Issue 4 / April 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, p. 324
    Print publication:
    April 2011
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