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The Cambridge Handbook of Third Language Acquisition
  • Edited by Jennifer Cabrelli, Adel Chaouch-Orozco, Jorge González Alonso, Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares, Eloi Puig-Mayenco, Jason Rothman
  • Published online:
    13 July 2023
    Print publication:
    27 July 2023
  • In our increasingly multilingual modern world, understanding how languages beyond the first are acquired and processed at a brain level is essential to design evidence-based teaching, clinical interventions and language policy. Written by a team of world-leading experts in a wide range of disciplines within cognitive science, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the study of third (and more) language acquisition and processing. It features 30 approachable chapters covering topics such as multilingual language acquisition, education, language maintenance and language loss, multilingual code-switching, ageing in the multilingual brain, and many more. Each chapter provides an accessible overview of the state of the art in its topic, while offering comprehensive access to the specialized literature, through carefully curated citations. It also serves as a methodological resource for researchers in the field, offering chapters on methods such as case studies, corpora, artificial language systems or statistical modelling of multilingual data.

  • Towards an Effective Appellate Mechanism for ISDS Tribunals

  • Jeffrey Kucik, Sergio Puig
  • Journal:
    World Trade Review / Volume 22 / Issue 5 / December 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 June 2023, pp. 562-583
    Print publication:
    December 2023
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • This Article identifies the problems of an Appellate Mechanism for ISDS Tribunals in relation with its possible benefits. We propose the inclusion of certain design features to improve the working of an eventual Appellate Mechanism and help mitigate problems related to procedural, conflict resolution, and substantive concerns. We finish by identifying the most central problems with a possible Appellate Mechanism, which helps to narrow down options within the ongoing reform process at UNCITRAL. Overall, we illustrate how institutional choice is always contextual and that all institutional options are imperfect and subject to important trade-offs.

  • Legalization and Compliance: How Judicial Activity Undercuts the Global Trade Regime

  • Jeffrey Kucik, Lauren Peritz, Sergio Puig
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Political Science / Volume 53 / Issue 1 / January 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 June 2022, pp. 221-238
    Print publication:
    January 2023
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • The crisis facing the World Trade Organization illustrates the trade-off between legalization and compliance in international legal systems. Dispute bodies can sometimes “overreach” in their rulings, leading to resistance from member states. This article looks at one form of legal overreach: the extension of legal precedent. We argue that extending previous decisions can reduce the flexibility that states include deliberately in their agreements. We utilize original data on individual applications of precedent in the World Trade Organization's Appellate Body decisions from 1995 to 2015 and on policy responses to those decisions. We find strong evidence that extending precedent reduces on-time compliance. It also leads to longer delays before members comply. The results speak to the life cycles of international organizations, as well as questions of design and cooperation.

  • 3 - Testing Cognitive Bias: Experimental Approaches and Investment Arbitration

  • from Part I - Process Legitimacy
  • Edited by Daniel Behn, Universitetet i Oslo, Ole Kristian Fauchald, Universitetet i Oslo, Malcolm Langford, Universitetet i Oslo
  • Book:
    The Legitimacy of Investment Arbitration
    Published online:
    06 January 2022
    Print publication:
    13 January 2022, pp 85-99

  • Summary

    Global law firms and their prominent postion in the investment arbitration market is under-appreciated; yet there is a sound hypothesis that law firms seek to establish and maintain their social capital in the arbitration field in a similar manner as individuals such as arbitrators and counsel, as was captured in Dezalay and Garth’s pioneering study. Building on the social networks of arbitrators, this study focuses on the relationships between the most influential arbitrators and the most influential law firms in the system and how these relationships might create real or perceived conflicts of interest issues for the ISDS system. Using mixed methods – integrated network, statistical and doctrinal analyses – the chapter documents how the law firms have gained a central position in the ISDS network by establishing strong relationships to leading arbitrators. The author finds that the top law firms have positioned themselves as ‘gatekeepers’ to the ISDS system, in particular in terms of distribution of cases among potential arbitrators and the acceptance of new arbitrators, and discusses possible impacts on the perceived independence and legitimacy of the ISDS system.

  • 6 - Indigenous Interests and the Future of Economic Treaties

  • Sergio Puig, University of Arizona
  • Book:
    At the Margins of Globalization
    Published online:
    23 April 2021
    Print publication:
    13 May 2021, pp 126-140

  • Summary

    The intersection between indigenous rights and international economic agreements is paradigmatic of the ways in which globalization accommodates issues of social and economic justice. This intersection provides insight into the fate of the marginalized communities in a system that privileges certain values and goals often incompatible with some indigenous values and goals. The prior chapters make evident that, to address social and economic justice, international economic agreements can start by addressing indigenous interests in a systemic and more encompassing way and lead the way to frameworks for better social and economic inclusion. This is the key litmus test for the very legitimacy of international economic law after crises derived from a nationalistic turn and exacerbated by a global pandemic. This chapter offers some basic recommendations.

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