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16 results

  • In situ Analytical TEM of Ilmenite Reduction in Hydrogen

  • Arne Janssen, Eric Prestat, Matthew Smith, Sarah J. Haigh, M.G. Burke
  • Journal:
    Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 21 / Issue S3 / August 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    23 September 2015, pp. 565-566
    Print publication:
    August 2015
    • Article
      • You have access
    • PDF
    • Export citation

  • 11 - Environmental contaminants and reproductive and fertility effects in the male

  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book:
    Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
    Published online:
    23 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010, pp -

  • Summary

    The ovarian hormones stimulate the development of the reproductive system, induce the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and promote a receptive endometrium for the growth and development of the proconceptus. The development of the ovary is dependent on local and endocrine factors that can be the target of endocrine disruptors. The T-shaped uterus seen in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) could represent a narrow and more branched structure, similar to the structure of the fallopian tube. Müllerian development is dependent on coordinated gene expression and hormone exposure. The genes that control normal patterning of the reproductive tract are beginning to be identified. The most important hormones regulating mammary gland development are estrogen and progesterone. During pregnancy and lactation, prolactin contributes to lobular differentiation and milk production. Estrogen and progesterone play a fundamental role during puberty to develop a normal adult breast.

  • 15 - Communicating with patients and the public about environmental exposures and reproductive risk

  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book:
    Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
    Published online:
    23 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010, pp -

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the key events occurring at different stages of development in the normal human male and how this impacts the reproductive function in adulthood. Development of the normal male reproductive system can be divided into five periods: fetal, neonatal, infancy/childhood, puberty, adulthood. Normal hormonal functioning of the fetal testis is essential for masculinization and for development of a male reproductive system. In neonatal male and female babies there is activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and consequent increase in circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). During the neonatal period, Sertoli cells continue to proliferate and this is arguably the most important period in life in terms of the magnitude of increase in Sertoli cell numbers. Sertoli cells start expressing androgen receptor (AR) at the onset of puberty and this is considered one sign of maturation of these cells, as they terminally differentiate and cease proliferating.

Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, Sarah J. Janssen, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, Linda C. Giudice
  • Published online:
    23 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010
  • Many reproductive and developmental health problems are caused by exposure to chemicals that are widely dispersed in our environment. These problems include infertility, miscarriage, poor pregnancy outcomes, abnormal fetal development, early puberty, endometriosis, and diseases and cancers of reproductive organs. The compelling nature of the collective science has resulted in recognition of a new field of environmental reproductive health. Focusing on exposures to environmental contaminants, particularly during critical periods in development and their potential effects on all aspects of future reproductive life-course, this book provides the first comprehensive source of information bringing together the arguments that are spread out among various scientific disciplines in environmental health, clinical and public health fields. It provides a review of the science in key areas of the relationship between environmental contaminants and reproductive health outcomes, and recommendations on efforts toward prevention in clinical care and public policy.

  • 13 - Environmental contaminants and related systems that have implications for reproduction

  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book:
    Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
    Published online:
    23 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010, pp -

  • Summary

    This chapter talks about three systems that have implications for reproduction: the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. These three systems play unique roles in enabling the organism to adapt to diverse stimuli. The chapter provides evidence that neuroendocrine systems of the brain are targets of environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), the consequences of exposure to which are dysfunctions in endocrinology and reproduction. A large number of contaminants commonly found in human tissues are known to be thyroid toxicants. The chapter provides a description of the thyroid hormone signaling system and its regulation, and the potential impact on reproduction of environmental endocrine disruptors. Immune responses are classified as innate or adaptive. Subpopulations of cells from the innate and adaptive arms of the immune systems participate in regulating immune response via soluble mediators that suppress cell function, including inappropriate responses to self antigens.

  • 16 - Interpreting science in the policy context

  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book:
    Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
    Published online:
    23 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010, pp -

  • Summary

    Epidemiologic studies and animal studies increasingly suggest that exposures to environmental chemicals, nutrition, physical factors, and other factors early in development have a role in susceptibility to disease in later life. The mammalian female reproductive system arises from the uniform paramesonephric duct, the müllerian duct. The major subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) show morphologic features that resemble those of the müllerian duct-derived epithelia of the reproductive tract. Exposure of the developing female reproductive tract to diethylstilbestrol (DES), either in vivo or in organ culture, repressed the expression of HOXA10 in the uterus and resulted in uterine metaplasia. Epigenetic change in the molecular program of cell differentiation in the affected tissues may be a common mechanism. Most regions of the mammalian genome exhibit little variability among individuals in tissue-specific DNA methylation levels. Future analyses of epigenetic imprints of genes explain the developmental origins of disease.

  • 3. - Development and maturation of the normal female reproductive system

  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book:
    Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
    Published online:
    23 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010, pp -

  • Summary

    The ovarian hormones stimulate the development of the reproductive system, induce the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and promote a receptive endometrium for the growth and development of the proconceptus. The development of the ovary is dependent on local and endocrine factors that can be the target of endocrine disruptors. The T-shaped uterus seen in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) could represent a narrow and more branched structure, similar to the structure of the fallopian tube. Müllerian development is dependent on coordinated gene expression and hormone exposure. The genes that control normal patterning of the reproductive tract are beginning to be identified. The most important hormones regulating mammary gland development are estrogen and progesterone. During pregnancy and lactation, prolactin contributes to lobular differentiation and milk production. Estrogen and progesterone play a fundamental role during puberty to develop a normal adult breast.