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3 results

  • Chapter 24 - Sleepiness in children

  • from Section 2 - Sleep Disorders and Excessive Sleepiness
  • Edited by Michael J. Thorpy, Michel Billiard
  • Book:
    Sleepiness
    Published online:
    04 February 2011
    Print publication:
    27 January 2011, pp 262-276

  • Summary

    This chapter addresses the prevalence of sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) and the potential confusion with fatigue, depression and attentional deficits. In clinical practice, sleepiness is in most cases evaluated by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Sleep fragmentation and other sleep structure disturbances are classically considered the main causes of daytime sleepiness in OSA patients. Sleepiness, regardless of its cause, affects driving ability through increased reaction time, inattentiveness or microsleep episodes. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and hypertension are linked in a dose-response fashion. This is true even when taking into account confounding factors such as age, alcohol, tobacco consumption, and body mass index (BMI). The beneficial continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) effect is obtained after only a few weeks of treatment, with quality of life returning to normal. CPAP treatment restores normal alertness except in some patients with residual excessive sleepiness.

  • Cyanotic episodes in a male child with fragile X syndrome

  • Jill Miller-Horn, Keith Herzog, Sanjeev V Kothare
  • Journal:
    Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology / Volume 48 / Issue 8 / August 2006
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 July 2006, pp. 690-692
    Print publication:
    August 2006

  • A 9-year-old male with a diagnosis of fragile X syndrome (FXS) was evaluated for cyanotic episodes of unknown etiology. Clinical observation revealed frequent episodes of hyperventilation lasting several minutes, only while the patient was awake. This was followed by apnea associated with cyanosis and oxygen desaturation. Polysomnogram confirmed episodic central apnea temporally associated with hypocapnia, only during the awake state. Extensive evaluation failed to reveal other neurological, cardiac, gastrointestinal, or pulmonary etiologies for the events. The clinical observations and investigations allowed us to conclude that the patient's cyanotic episodes were caused by primary behavioral hyperventilation in the awake state. Similar behaviors have been reported in children with a variety of diagnoses but to our knowledge have not been previously reported in children with FXS. Treatment for this unusual behavior in FXS consists of reassurance and behavior modification to decrease the frequency and severity of the cyanotic episodes.