Chickpea is a cool season, photothermal-sensitive crop, that is adversely affected by high temperatures (>35°C) and whose flowering is promoted by long-day conditions (>12 h). This prevents horizontal crop spread under a variety of agro-climatic conditions and the development of insensitive genotypes that perform well in all seasons. Therefore, a study was conducted to identify genotypes that are mature early, insensitive to photoperiod, high temperature and tolerant to drought stress. A set of 74 genotypes was evaluated under rainfed conditions in Kharif 2021 (off-season) to select eight promising early-maturing genotypes with high-yielding capacity. Then further investigations were conducted in five different seasons Late Kharif 2021, rabi 2021, summer 2022, early Kharif 2022 and Kharif 2022 to identify the genotypes with photothermo-insensitivity among the selected eight genotypes. With the exception of rabi 2021, each of these seasons were distinct from the chickpea's typical growing season. Among these eight, the stable genotypes which are performed better in all the seasons, especially in summer were considered, such as IPC 06-11, MNK-1, JG-14 and ICE 15654-A as a photothermo-insensitive, were able to flower and set pods with higher seed yield and, resulting in early maturity in a temperature range of 41.4/9.3°C with photoperiods of 13.1/10.9 h to reach in all seasons throughout the year. The heritability was more than 60%. Hence, these genotypes can be used as donor aids in the development of early maturing, drought stress tolerant and photothermo-insensitive chickpea.

The past 10 years have brought paradigm-shifting changes to clinical microbiology. This paper explores the top 10 transformative innovations across the diagnostic spectrum, including not only state of the art technologies but also preanalytic and post-analytic advances. Clinical decision support tools have reshaped testing practices, curbing unnecessary tests. Innovations like broad-range polymerase chain reaction and metagenomic sequencing, whole genome sequencing, multiplex molecular panels, rapid phenotypic susceptibility testing, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry have all expanded our diagnostic armamentarium. Rapid home-based testing has made diagnostic testing more accessible than ever. Enhancements to clinician-laboratory interfaces allow for automated stewardship interventions and education. Laboratory restructuring and consolidation efforts are reshaping the field of microbiology, presenting both opportunities and challenges for the future of clinical microbiology laboratories. Here, we review key innovations of the last decade.

The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) regularly provides high-quality data to produce Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP), and for the maintenance and realisation of the International Terrestrial and Celestial Reference Frames, ITRF and ICRF. The first iteration of the celestial reference frame (CRF) at radio wavelengths, the ICRF1, was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1997 to replace the FK5 optical frame. Soon after, the IVS began official operations and in 2009 there was a significant increase in data sufficient to warrant a second iteration of the CRF, ICRF2. The most recent ICRF3, was adopted by the IAU in 2018. However, due to the geographic distribution of observing stations being concentrated in the Northern hemisphere, CRFs are generally weaker in the South due to there being fewer Southern Hemisphere observations. To increase the Southern Hemisphere observations, and the density, precision of the sources, a series of deep South observing sessions was initiated in 1995. This initiative in 2004 became the IVS Celestial Reference Frame Deep South (IVS-CRDS) observing programme. This paper covers the evolution of the CRDS observing programme for the period 1995–2021, details the data products and results, and concludes with a summary of upcoming improvements to this ongoing project.

The multiscale dynamics of a shock–droplet interaction is crucial in understanding the atomisation of droplets due to external airflow. The interaction phenomena are classified into wave dynamics (stage I) and droplet breakup dynamics (stage II). Stage I involves the formation of different wave structures after an incident shock impacts the droplet surface. These waves momentarily change the droplet's ambient conditions, while in later times they are mainly influenced by shock-induced airflow. Stage II involves induced airflow interaction with the droplet that leads to its deformation and breakup. Primarily, two modes of droplet breakup, i.e. shear-induced entrainment and Rayleigh–Taylor piercing (RTP) (based on the modes of surface instabilities) were observed for the studied range of Weber numbers $(We\sim 30\text{--}15\,000)$. A criterion for the transition between two breakup modes is obtained, which successfully explains the observation of RTP mode of droplet breakup at high Weber numbers $(We\sim 800)$. For $We > 1000$, the breakup dynamics is governed by the shear-induced surface waves. After formation, the Kelvin–Helmholtz waves travel on the droplet surface and merge to form a liquid sheet near the droplet equator. Henceforth, the liquid sheet undergoes breakup processes via nucleation of several holes. The breakup process is recurrent until the complete droplet disintegrates or external drag acting on the droplet is insufficient for further disintegration. At lower Weber numbers, the droplet undergoes complete deformation like a flattened disk, and a multibag mode of breakup based on RTP is observed.

Spain has experienced one of the deepest recessions among European countries affected by the economic crisis. We investigated the effects of the recession on the frequency of mental disorders in Primary Care (PC).

A group of PC physicians selected into the study a random sample of patients attending primary care centres. These patients were administered the PRIME-MD for the assessment of mental disorders, in 2006 and again in 2010, before and during the financial crisis. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship of unemployment, mortgage payment difficulties, and eviction on risks of mental health disorders.

Compared with the pre-crisis period of 2006, the 2010 survey revealed substantial increases in the proportion of patients with mood, anxiety, somatoform, and alcohol-related disorders (p< 0.0001), but not in eating disorders (p = 0.172). Major depression (19.4% increase) and dysthymia (10.8), showed the greatest rise, followed generalized anxiety disorder (8.4) and panic attack disorder (7.3). Both alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse rose significantly, by 4.6% and 2.4% (OR = 11.6 and 4.5, p< 0.001), respectively. After correcting for the risks of unemployment, we observed a significant rise in attendance with depression associated with mortgage repayment difficulties (OR =2.12, p< 0.001) and evictions (OR = 2.95, p< 0.001).

Recession has significantly increased the frequency of mental health disorders, particularly among families experiencing unemployment and mortgage payment difficulties. Expanding mental health services in primary care settings to at-risk groups may help cope with rising mental health disorders in areas affected by recession.

Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA), the cryogenic infrared space telescope recently pre-selected for a ‘Phase A’ concept study as one of the three remaining candidates for European Space Agency (ESA's) fifth medium class (M5) mission, is foreseen to include a far-infrared polarimetric imager [SPICA-POL, now called B-fields with BOlometers and Polarizers (B-BOP)], which would offer a unique opportunity to resolve major issues in our understanding of the nearby, cold magnetised Universe. This paper presents an overview of the main science drivers for B-BOP, including high dynamic range polarimetric imaging of the cold interstellar medium (ISM) in both our Milky Way and nearby galaxies. Thanks to a cooled telescope, B-BOP will deliver wide-field 100–350 $\mu$m images of linearly polarised dust emission in Stokes Q and U with a resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and both intensity and spatial dynamic ranges comparable to those achieved by Herschel images of the cold ISM in total intensity (Stokes I). The B-BOP 200 $\mu$m images will also have a factor $\sim $30 higher resolution than Planck polarisation data. This will make B-BOP a unique tool for characterising the statistical properties of the magnetised ISM and probing the role of magnetic fields in the formation and evolution of the interstellar web of dusty molecular filaments giving birth to most stars in our Galaxy. B-BOP will also be a powerful instrument for studying the magnetism of nearby galaxies and testing Galactic dynamo models, constraining the physics of dust grain alignment, informing the problem of the interaction of cosmic rays with molecular clouds, tracing magnetic fields in the inner layers of protoplanetary disks, and monitoring accretion bursts in embedded protostars.

Information regarding deformations in large and complex systems is necessary in the prediction of structural failures caused by un-natural flexural occurrences. Sensing systems which are used to predict shapes, in order to develop a global surface picture require high precision and lower time lag. In this work, a unique bio-inspired training mechanism for support vector regression is presented for shape sensing in structures mounted with Fiber Bragg Gratings. Experimental validation was carried out on a simply supported beam, loaded at different positions and an aircraft wing model for different types of bending. The resulting deflections at specified locations along the length of the beam and on both surfaces of the wing were interpreted from the wavelength shifts of the corresponding Fiber Bragg Gratings through the specially modified Support Vector Regression. The method has shown high accuracy, low computational requirements and enhanced prediction times. The proposed bio-inspired training method has also been compared with two conventional training methodologies.

An excellent laboratory for studying large scale magnetic fields is the grand design face-on spiral galaxy M51. Due to wavelength-dependent Faraday depolarization, linearly polarized synchrotron emission at different radio frequencies gives a picture of the galaxy at different depths: Observations at L-band (1 – 2 GHz) probe the halo region while at C- and X-band (4 – 8 GHz) the linearly polarized emission probe the disk region of M51. We present new observations of M51 using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) at S-band (2 – 4 GHz), where previously no polarization observations existed, to shed new light on the transition region between the disk and the halo. We discuss a model of the depolarization of synchrotron radiation in a multilayer magneto-ionic medium and compare the model predictions to the multi-frequency polarization data of M51 between 1 – 8 GHz. The new S-band data are essential to distinguish between different models. Our study shows that the initial model parameters, i.e. the total regular and turbulent magnetic field strengths in the disk and halo of M51, need to be adjusted to successfully fit the models to the data.

Manganian andalusite occurs abundantly as porphyroblasts in manganiferous metasediments subjected to contact metamorphism under hornblende hornfels facies at the contact of a picrodolerite dyke near Manbazar, Purulia District, India. The Mn2O3 content of andalusite varies from 13.2% to 19.17%, corresponding to 14.8 and 21.14 mole per cent of ‘Mn2SiO5’ respectively. Based on the analysis showing maximum amount of Mn2O3 in andalusite, the mineral formula may be represented as follows:

Other minerals in the assemblage are muscovite, manganophyllite, spessartine, piemontite, quartz, braunite, hematite and rutile. The manganian andalusite is completely fresh and appears to have formed at the expense of spessartine, piemontite and braunite during contact metamorphism. The manganian andalusite probably formed at about 600°C at around 3 kbar pressure. This is another rare example of andalusite with very high Mn2O3 (and Fe2O3) as well as that of an occurrence of abundant manganian andalusite.

Possible relationships between groundwater arsenic concentration and alluvial sediment characteristics in a ∼19 km2 area in West Bengal have been investigated using a combination of hydrogeochemical, lithogeochemical and geophysical techniques. Arsenic hotspots, typically associated with elevated groundwater Fe and Mn, were found to be correlated to some extent with old river channels (abandoned meanders, oxbow lakes), where sandy aquifers included intercalated fine-grained overbank deposits, rich in As, Fe, Mn and Corg. Otherwise no demonstrably significant overall differences in any of lithology, grain-size distribution, mineral composition or Fe, Mn and organic C content of the sediments were found between two representative sites with contrastingly low (<50 μg 1—1) and high (>200 μg 1—1) As groundwater contents.

Our results are consistent with microbially mediated redox reactions controlled by the presence of natural organic matter within the aquifer and the occurrence of As-bearing redox traps, primarily formed by Fe and Mn oxides/hydroxides, being the most important factors which control the release of As into shallow groundwaters at the study site.

The evolution of vortex rings in isodensity and isoviscosity fluid has been studied analytically using a novel mathematical model. The model predicts the spatiotemporal variation in peak vorticity, circulation, vortex size and spacing based on instantaneous vortex parameters. This proposed model is quantitatively verified using experimental measurements. Experiments are conducted using high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques. Non-buoyant vortex rings are generated from a nozzle using a constant hydrostatic pressure tank. The vortex Reynolds number based on circulation $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708})$ is varied in the range 100–1500 to account for a large range of operating conditions. Experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions. However, it is observed that neither Saffman’s thin-core model nor the thick-core equations could correctly explain vortex evolution for all initial conditions. Therefore, a transitional theory is framed using force balance equations which seamlessly integrate short- and long-time asymptotic theories. It is found that the parameter $A=(a/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E})^{2}$, where $a$ is the vortex half-spacing and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$ denotes the standard deviation of the Gaussian vorticity profile, governs the regime of vortex evolution. For higher values of $A$, evolution follows short-time behaviour, while for $A=O(1)$, long-time behaviour is prominent. Using this theory, many reported anomalous observations have been explained.

A method has been developed for calculating the load distribution, overall forces and moments on a thin wing of arbitrary shape undergoing small amplitude simple harmonic motion in inviscid, incompressible flow. The method is compared with experimental data and other theoretical methods for wings and control surfaces in pitching oscillation and wings going through a sinusoidal vertical gust.

An economic numerical method has been developed to calculate the incompressible potential flow about complete aircraft configurations by taking advantage of the computational efficiency of the internal distribution of singularities. For wing and wing-like components, source and vorticity singularities are distributed on the respective mean camber surfaces, while the fuselage carries a source distribution on its wetted surface. The singularity strengths are obtained by satisfying the flow tangency condition at selected points on all the wetted surfaces of the configuration. No attempt has been made to consider wing or body vortex shedding or separation. The results of the present method were compared with other theoretical and experimental data.