Parental alcoholism may lead to adverse psychological outcomes for those who grow up in such family environments.

Several studies show that children of alcoholics (COAs) live in family climates characterized by conflict, unpredictability, and manifestations of contempt. Moreover, COAs are exposed to a high level of expressed emotion due, for instance, to threats and denigration.

We compared a group of COAs with a group of non COAs measuring the family climate, the level of expressed emotion and the parental attitudes on the basis of both children and parents' point of view.

25 COAs (mean age 17,8 ± 3,3 years) and 25 non COAs (mean age 18,3 ± 3,3 years), matched for age and sex, were evaluated in the frame of an observational naturalistic study design. Self-administered rating scales were used to assess the level of expressed emotion in the family (Level of Expressed Emotion Scale - LEES), the parental (Parental Attitudes Scales - PAD) and family (Family Attitudes Questionnaire - FAQ) attitudes.

The two groups did differ for FAQ total score and for the FAQ subscale assessing the relation between parents. They also differed for the level of expressed emotion (i.e., LEES total score) and for the LEES subscale assessing tolerance and expectations.

COAs are characterized by the perception of a negative family climate that is primarily expressed in terms of conflict and deterioration of relationship between parents.

Depression and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are both extremely prevalent diseases. Studies aimed at evaluating whether depression is an independent risk factor for cardiac events provided no definitive results. In most of these studies, depression has been broadly defined with no differentiation between unipolar (MDD) versus bipolar forms (BD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of DSM-IV BD (bipolar I and bipolar II subtypes, cyclothymia), as well as temperamental or isolated bipolar features in a sample of 171 patients hospitalized for ACS. We also explored whether these psychopathological conditions were associated with some clinical characteristics of ACS.

Patients with ACS admitted to three neighboring Cardiac Intensive Care Units (CICUs) in a 12-month continuative period of time were eligible for inclusion if they met the criteria for either acute myocardial infarct with or without ST-segment elevation or unstable angina, verified by standard ACS criteria. All patients underwent standardized cardiological and psychopathological evaluations.

Of the 171 ACS patients enrolled, 37 patients (21.7%) were found to have a DSM-IV mood disorder. Of these, 20 (11.7%) had bipolar type I or type II or cyclothymia, while 17 (10%) were the cases of MDD. Rapid mood switches ranged from 11% of ACS patients with no mood disorders, to 47% of those with MDD to 55% of those with BD. Linear regression analysis showed that a diagnosis of BD (p = .023), but not that of MDD (p = .721), was associated with a significant younger age at the index episode of ACS. A history of previous coronary events was more frequent in ACS patients with BD than in those with MDD.

Our data indicate that bipolar features and diagnosis are frequent in ACS patients. Bipolar disorder has a negative impact on cardiac symptomatology. Further research in this area is warranted.

Parental attitudes, taken in the three orthogonal dimensions of pleasure-displeasure, arousal-non arousal, dominance-submissive, contribute in creating the emotional climate in wich children's cognition and affectivity develop.

Parental attitudes can be measured via the Parental Attitudes Scales (PAD), a 46-item self-administered instrument counting three subscales.

To explore the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the PAD.

The PAD was administered to a sample of 163 Italian parents (77 males, 86 females) having children aged between three months and eight years and living in three different towns of Tuscany (Italy). Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were conducted and alpha coefficients were explored. The concurrent validity of the questionnaire was examinated by correlating the PAD scores with data from the Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS).

Results from initial and PCA analyses suggested that several items of the questionnaire perform poorly and should be removed. Results supported a three-factor solution consisting of 36 items and accounting for 28,3% of the variance. Internal consistency for the short version of the PAD was high (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.81). The PAD scores showed statistically significant correlations with the PANAS and the FAD dimensions.

Findings suggest that a reduced version of the scale could better represent the construct measured by the PAD. Overall, the short versionof the questionnaire proved to be a valid and reliable measure of parental attitudes.