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35 results

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  • 28 - Just War and Crusades
  • from Crimen
  • Edited by Anders Winroth, Universitetet i Oslo, John C. Wei
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Medieval Canon Law
  • Published online: 13 January 2022
  • Print publication: 27 January 2022, pp 537-549
  • View extract

    Summary

    The basic parameters for the just war, established by Augustine, were just cause, righteous intention, and proper authority. It was Gratian who first gave the concept sustained reflection. Causa 23 of his Decretum was a repository of earlier texts, including Augustine’s, to which he added his own thoughts. He concluded that warfare itself was not a sin, but rather that cruelty, fighting spirit, desire to harm, and libido dominandi were culpable. Gratian stressed the inward attitude of the warrior, particularly his patience, and compared war to paternal love, which corrected with benevolence and benign asperity. The soldier’s duty was obedience to his commanders, and he should be content with his wages and not fight for booty. Peace should be the goal of war, which should be fought only from necessity. Gratian offered the definitions of Isidore of Seville and Augustine before giving his own hybrid definition: a just war was waged by a public authority to avenge injuries. Gratian, however, did not specify the sorts of authorities or injuries.

  • Childhood exposure to interpersonal violence is associated with greater transdiagnostic integration of psychiatric symptoms
  • Justin D. Russell, Taylor J. Keding, Quanfa He, James J. Li, Ryan J. Herringa
  • Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 52 / Issue 10 / July 2022
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 November 2020, pp. 1883-1891
  • Print publication: July 2022
  • View abstract
    Background

    Childhood exposure to interpersonal violence (IPV) may be linked to distinct manifestations of mental illness, yet the nature of this change remains poorly understood. Network analysis can provide unique insights by contrasting the interrelatedness of symptoms underlying psychopathology across exposed and non-exposed youth, with potential clinical implications for a treatment-resistant population. We anticipated marked differences in symptom associations among IPV-exposed youth, particularly in terms of ‘hub’ symptoms holding outsized influence over the network, as well as formation and influence of communities of highly interconnected symptoms.

    Methods

    Participants from a population-representative sample of youth (n = 4433; ages 11–18 years) completed a comprehensive structured clinical interview assessing mental health symptoms, diagnostic status, and history of violence exposure. Network analytic methods were used to model the pattern of associations between symptoms, quantify differences across diagnosed youth with (IPV+) and without (IPV–) IPV exposure, and identify transdiagnostic ‘bridge’ symptoms linking multiple disorders.

    Results

    Symptoms organized into six ‘disorder’ communities (e.g. Intrusive Thoughts/Sensations, Depression, Anxiety), that exhibited considerably greater interconnectivity in IPV+ youth. Five symptoms emerged in IPV+ youth as highly trafficked ‘bridges’ between symptom communities (11 in IPV– youth).

    Conclusion

    IPV exposure may alter mutually reinforcing symptom co-occurrence in youth, thus contributing to greater psychiatric comorbidity and treatment resistance. The presence of a condensed and unique set of bridge symptoms suggests trauma-enriched nodes which could be therapeutically targeted to improve outcomes in violence-exposed youth.

  • Introduction
  • Edited by Russell Hartenberger, University of Toronto, Ryan McClelland, University of Toronto
  • Book: The Cambridge Companion to Rhythm
  • Published online: 18 September 2020
  • Print publication: 24 September 2020, pp 1-4
  • View extract

    Summary

    One of the defining aspects of music is that it exists in time. From clapping to dancing, toe-tapping to head-nodding, the responses of musicians and listeners alike capture the immediacy and significance of the musical beat. The Cambridge Companion to Rhythm explores the richness of musical time through a variety of perspectives, surveying influential writings on the topic, incorporating the perspectives of listeners, analysts, composers, and performers, and considering the subject across a range of genres and cultures.

The Cambridge Companion to Rhythm
  • The Cambridge Companion to Rhythm
  • Edited by Russell Hartenberger, Ryan McClelland
  • Published online: 18 September 2020
  • Print publication: 24 September 2020
  • View description
    One of the defining aspects of music is that it exists in time. From clapping to dancing, toe-tapping to head-nodding, the responses of musicians and listeners alike capture the immediacy and significance of the musical beat. This Companion explores the richness of musical time through a variety of perspectives, surveying influential writings on the topic, incorporating the perspectives of listeners, analysts, composers, and performers, and considering the subject across a range of genres and cultures. It includes chapters on music perception, visualizing rhythmic notation, composers' writings on rhythm, rhythm in jazz, rock, and hip-hop. Taking a global approach, chapters also explore rhythmic styles in the music of India, Africa, Bali, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Indigenous music of North and South America. Readers will gain an understanding of musicians' approaches to performing complex rhythms of contemporary music, and revealing insights into the likely future of rhythm in music.

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