The dynamical friction timescale for globular clusters to sink to the center of a dwarf elliptical galaxy (dE) is significantly less than a Hubble time if the halos have isothermal profiles and the globular clusters formed with the same radial density profile as the underlying stellar population. We examine the summed radial distribution of the entire globular cluster systems and the bright globular cluster candidates in 65 Virgo and Fornax Cluster dEs for evidence of dynamical friction processes. We find that the bright dE nuclei could have been formed from the merger of orbitally decayed massive clusters, but the faint nuclei are several magnitudes fainter than expected. These faint nuclei are found primarily in MV > −14 dEs which have high globular cluster specific frequencies and extended globular cluster systems. In these galaxies, the formation of new star clusters, high central dark matter densities, extended dark matter halos, or tidal interactions may act to prevent dynamical friction from collapsing the entire globular cluster population into a bright nucleus.

Cognitive functions were investigated in seven manic-depressive patients while on lithium, after two weeks off lithium, and after a subcutaneous injection of physostigmine while on lithium. Test performance was unaffected by lithium, but after physostigmine the I.Q. score of a shortened version of the WAIS was significantly increased.