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5 results

  • Directional associations between memory impairment and depressive symptoms: data from a longitudinal sample and meta-analysis

  • Junhong Yu, Hui-Ying Lim, Fadzillah Nur d/o Mohd Abdullah, Hui-Minn Chan, Rathi Mahendran, Roger Ho, Ee-Heok Kua, Michael John Power, Lei Feng
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 48 / Issue 10 / July 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 November 2017, pp. 1664-1672
    Print publication:
    July 2018
  • Background

    Previous cross-lagged studies on depression and memory impairment among the elderly have revealed conflicting findings relating to the direction of influence between depression and memory impairment. The current study aims to clarify this direction of influence by examining the cross-lagged relationships between memory impairment and depression in an Asian sample of elderly community dwellers, as well as synthesizing previous relevant cross-lagged findings via a meta-analysis.

    Methods

    A total of 160 participants (Mage = 68.14, s.d. = 5.34) were assessed across two time points (average of 1.9 years apart) on measures of memory and depressive symptoms. The data were then fitted to a structural equation model to examine two cross-lagged effects (i.e. depressive symptoms→memory; memory→depressive symptoms). A total of 14 effect-sizes for each of the two cross-lagged directions were extracted from six studies (including the present; total N = 8324). These effects were then meta-analyzed using a three-level mixed effects model.

    Results

    In the current sample, lower memory ability at baseline was associated with worse depressive symptoms levels at follow-up, after controlling for baseline depressive symptoms. However, the reverse effect was not significant; baseline depressive symptoms did not predict subsequent memory ability after controlling for baseline memory. The results of the meta-analysis revealed the same pattern of relationship between memory and depressive symptoms.

    Conclusions

    These results provide robust evidence that the relationship between memory impairment and depressive symptoms is unidirectional; memory impairment predicts subsequent depressive symptoms but not vice-versa. The implications of these findings are discussed

  • Quid-pro-quo exchanges of outside director defined benefit pension plans for equity-based compensation

  • CYNTHIA J. CAMPBELL, MARK L. POWER, ROGER D. STOVER
  • Journal:
    Journal of Pension Economics & Finance / Volume 5 / Issue 2 / July 2006
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 May 2006, pp. 155-174

  • The independence of outside directors is critical to corporate board effectiveness. We examine a unique period in corporate governance when outside directors' defined benefit pensions are replaced with increases in equity. Firms with pension plans significantly underperform their industry in terms of stock returns. Firms terminating the pension plans in exchange for equity have significant increases in stock returns relative to their industry subsequent to the change. All samples outperform the ROA and ROE industry medians both before and after the change in compensation, indicating pressure from organized investors likely comes from stock performance, not accounting performance. Investor rights pressure and outside director compensation and not takeover risk or institutional ownership best explain firms altering outside director compensation, with board of director effectiveness improving.