The group of primates of the subfamily Cheirogaleidae (Malagasy primates; family Lemuridae) are among the most interesting animals alive today. They originated approximately 25–30 million years ago; they are all Malagasy and are nocturnal in activity; they include the smallest of the living primates; they include the only known obligate hibernators within the primates; and, especially like the other nocturnal primate species, their taxonomy has been greatly expanded within the past two decades (Yoder et al., Chapter 1; Groves, Chapter 2).

This book, The Dwarf and Mouse Lemurs of Madagascar: Biology, Behavior and Conservation Biogeography of the Cheirogaleidae, is edited by Shawn M. Lehman, Ute Radespiel, and Elke Zimmermann. It examines their evolution, taxonomy, and genetics; the methods used for studying captive and wild cheirogaleids; their behavior and ecology; the sensory ecology, communication system, and cognition of these animals; and their conservation biology. The book contains 27 chapters with an array of over 40 exceptional international authors, specializing in anthropology, biology, psychology, veterinary medicine, and primatology.

When research on the ecology and behavior of the Malagasy primates was just beginning, over 50 years ago, Jean-Jacques Petter and Arlette Petter-Rousseaux knew of only six species in three genera of cheirogaleids (Petter, 1962; Petter-Rousseaux, 1967). Now, over 30 species in 5 genera are recognized today. Changes have occurred because of “traditional” (morphological) taxonomic research. This has been related, since the mid-1980s, mainly to specific-mate recognition systems of the vocalizations of different nocturnal primate species. However, since around 2000, DNA sequencing has played a great role in recognizing different species (Yoder et al., Chapter 1; Groves, Chapter 2).

Biologists have found that the molecular and morphological diversity related to biogeographic patterns is more complex in Cheirogaleidae than was previously thought. Related to a number of factors during their evolution, the family had initial genus-level divergence in the Oligocene–Miocene epochs, followed by a widespread Pliocene–Pleistocene species-level radiation. Louis, Jr. and Lei Chapter 3) argue that there was a basal split within Cheirogaleidae at approximately 29 million years ago: with Phaner splitting at 28.17 million years ago, Cheirogaleus at 23.77 million years ago, Allocebus at 17.94 million years ago, and lastly Mirza from Microcebus at 14.81 million years ago.

Introduction

Macaca fascicularis is an extremely adaptable species that is found throughout the continental and insular Southeast Asia (Gumert, Chapter 1). In the sixteenth century, long-tailed macaques were introduced by Portuguese or Dutch sailors from Sumatra or Java into Mauritius where they have readily adapted to flora entirely different from that of Asia (Sussman and Tatterall, 1986; Cheke, 1987; Kondo et al., 1993; Tosi and Coke, 2007; Blancher et al., 2008).

Throughout their range, long-tailed macaques inhabit dense primary canopy forest, riverine and coastal forest, mangrove and nipa swamp, as well as secondary forest, and disturbed habitats (Medway, 1970; Southwick and Cadigan, 1972; Kurland, 1973; Rijksen, 1978; Rodman, 1978a; Fittinghoff and Lindburgh; 1980; Wheatley, 1980; Crockett and Wilson, 1980; Fooden, 1995; van Schaik et al., 1996; Fuentes et al., 2005; Ong and Richerson, 2008). They are found from sea level to 2000m (Rowe, 1996; Supriatna et al., 1996), and are “adaptable opportunists” (MacKinnon and MacKinnon, 1980). For example, Crockett and Wilson (1980) found M. fascicularis in 22 of 25 habitat types surveyed in Sumatra, in contrast to eight of 25 exploited by M. nemestrina.

Long-tailed macaques also are commonly found in habitats disturbed by humans, including urban and agricultural settings. In an early report, Medway (1970) observed that, of all southeast Asian primates, long-tailed macaques consistently and easily utilize secondary forest. Even within their riverine habitat, they seek out naturally disturbed areas. One can expect to see many groups around villages, cultivated fields, and along rivers.