In this paper, we describe the system design and capabilities of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope at the conclusion of its construction project and commencement of science operations. ASKAP is one of the first radio telescopes to deploy phased array feed (PAF) technology on a large scale, giving it an instantaneous field of view that covers $31\,\textrm{deg}^{2}$ at $800\,\textrm{MHz}$. As a two-dimensional array of 36$\times$12 m antennas, with baselines ranging from 22 m to 6 km, ASKAP also has excellent snapshot imaging capability and 10 arcsec resolution. This, combined with 288 MHz of instantaneous bandwidth and a unique third axis of rotation on each antenna, gives ASKAP the capability to create high dynamic range images of large sky areas very quickly. It is an excellent telescope for surveys between 700 and $1800\,\textrm{MHz}$ and is expected to facilitate great advances in our understanding of galaxy formation, cosmology, and radio transients while opening new parameter space for discovery of the unknown.

Gravitational waves from coalescing neutron stars encode information about nuclear matter at extreme densities, inaccessible by laboratory experiments. The late inspiral is influenced by the presence of tides, which depend on the neutron star equation of state. Neutron star mergers are expected to often produce rapidly rotating remnant neutron stars that emit gravitational waves. These will provide clues to the extremely hot post-merger environment. This signature of nuclear matter in gravitational waves contains most information in the 2–4 kHz frequency band, which is outside of the most sensitive band of current detectors. We present the design concept and science case for a Neutron Star Extreme Matter Observatory (NEMO): a gravitational-wave interferometer optimised to study nuclear physics with merging neutron stars. The concept uses high-circulating laser power, quantum squeezing, and a detector topology specifically designed to achieve the high-frequency sensitivity necessary to probe nuclear matter using gravitational waves. Above 1 kHz, the proposed strain sensitivity is comparable to full third-generation detectors at a fraction of the cost. Such sensitivity changes expected event rates for detection of post-merger remnants from approximately one per few decades with two A+ detectors to a few per year and potentially allow for the first gravitational-wave observations of supernovae, isolated neutron stars, and other exotica.

A path space integral approach to modelling the job description of the cerebellum is proposed. This new approach incorporates the “tidal wave” equation into a kind of generalized Huygens's wave equation. The resulting exponential functional integral provides a mathematical expression of the inhibitory function by which the cerebellum “sculpts” the intended control signal from the background of neuronal excitation.

A propagator for a path space integral can be used to represent the “tidal wave function” and provides a natural way to model a control signal that is temporally segmented by placement of pairs of stimulating and recording electrodes. Although care must be exercised in interpreting the resulting measurement, the technique should prove useful to experimenters who study cerebellar functioning.

Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the efficacy of various herbicides applied in the spring or fall for redvine population reductions. Spring applications of dicamba and picloram reduced redvine populations 4 mo after application. These treatments also reduced soybean density. A sequential spring followed by fall application of dicamba reduced redvine stem counts 32 to 45% the following year. Spring or spring followed by fall applications of clopyralid and hexazinone were not effective in reducing redvine populations. A fall application of clopyralid, dicamba, Dowco 433, glyphosate, or imazapyr reduced redvine regrowth 78 to 97% the following year. Dicamba at 2.2 kg ae ha-1, 3.4 kg ae ha-1 glyphosate, and 0.28 kg ai ha-1 imazapyr increased soybean yield the following year because of reduced redvine competition and lack of herbicide injury. Redvine populations were unaffected by fall applications of fosamine, hexazinone, and picloram, or clomazone applied in the spring or in the fall followed by a sequential spring application. A sequential spring followed by fall treatment of 1.1 + 1.1 kg ha-1 dicamba or 0.14 + 0.14 kg ae ha-1 clopyralid reduced trumpetcreeper population 49 to 58% the following year.

Optimum temperature for germination and emergence of redvine seed in either petri dishes or soil was 35 C. Reductions in germination and emergence occurred at constant temperatures above or below this temperature. No germination or emergence occurred at temperatures above 40 or below 25 C. Germination in petri dishes first occurred on day 8, and emergence was first observed 12 days after planting in a soil medium. Maximum redvine seedling emergence of 74% occurred in soil when seed were planted 0.5 cm deep, with decreases in emergence noted at depths below 5 cm. No emergence occurred over the 35-day period evalμated when redvine seed were planted on the soil surface or at a depth of 10 cm in soil. Redvine germination was not affected by solution pH, whereas germination did not occur when osmotic stress of as little as −200 kPa was applied to seed.

A 2010 survey of 1,299 corn, cotton, and soybean growers was conducted to determine their attitudes and awareness regarding glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds and resultant implications on weed management practices. An additional 350 growers included in the current study participated in a 2005 survey, and these answers were compared across time so that cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of responses could be made. Most growers surveyed in 2010 were aware of the potential for weeds to evolve resistance to glyphosate; however, many growers were not aware of glyphosate resistance in specific weeds in their county or state. Growers in the South were different from growers in other geographic regions and were significantly more aware of local cases of GR weeds. Awareness of GR weeds did not increase appreciably from 2005 to 2010, but the percentage who reported GR weeds as problematic was significantly higher. Grower reports of GR weeds on-farm in 2010 were up considerably from 2005, with growers in the South reporting significantly more instances than growers in other regions. Growers in the South were also more likely to consider glyphosate resistance a serious problem. Overall, 30% of growers did not consider GR weeds to be a problem. It appears that most growers received information about glyphosate resistance from farm publications, although in the South this percentage was less than for other geographic regions. Growers in the South received more information from universities and extension sources.

Approximately 1,300 growers from 22 states were surveyed during 2010 to determine herbicide use. Cropping systems included continuous glyphosate-resistant corn, cotton, and soybean, and various combinations of these crops and rotations with non–glyphosate-resistant crops. The most commonly used herbicide for both fall and spring applications was glyphosate followed by synthetic auxin herbicides. Herbicide application in spring was favored over application in the fall. The percentage of growers in a glyphosate-only system was as high as 69% for some cropping systems. Excluding glyphosate, the most frequently used herbicides included photosystem II, mitotic, and protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors. A higher percentage of growers integrated herbicides other than glyphosate during 2010 compared with 2005. Extensive educational efforts have promoted resistance management by increasing the diversity of herbicides in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems. However, a considerable percentage of growers continued use of only glyphosate from the period of 2005 to 2010, and this practice most likely will continue to exert a high level of selection for evolved glyphosate-resistant weed species.

This paper describes the system architecture of a newly constructed radio telescope – the Boolardy engineering test array, which is a prototype of the Australian square kilometre array pathfinder telescope. Phased array feed technology is used to form multiple simultaneous beams per antenna, providing astronomers with unprecedented survey speed. The test array described here is a six-antenna interferometer, fitted with prototype signal processing hardware capable of forming at least nine dual-polarisation beams simultaneously, allowing several square degrees to be imaged in a single pointed observation. The main purpose of the test array is to develop beamforming and wide-field calibration methods for use with the full telescope, but it will also be capable of limited early science demonstrations.

Using data from two long-term longitudinal projects, we investigated reciprocal relations between maternal reports of physical discipline and teacher and self-ratings of child externalizing behavior, accounting for continuity in both discipline and externalizing over time. In Study 1, which followed a community sample of 562 boys and girls from age 6 to 9, high levels of physical discipline in a given year predicted high levels of externalizing behavior in the next year, and externalizing behavior in a given year predicted high levels of physical discipline in the next year. In Study 2, which followed an independent sample of 290 lower income, higher risk boys from age 10 to 15, mother-reported physical discipline in a given year predicted child ratings of antisocial behavior in the next year, but child antisocial behavior in a given year did not predict parents' use of physical discipline in the next year. In neither sample was there evidence that associations between physical discipline and child externalizing changed as the child aged, and findings were not moderated by gender, race, socioeconomic status, or the severity of the physical discipline. Implications for the reciprocal nature of the socialization process and the risks associated with physical discipline are discussed.

High-current-density cathodes are required for the development of high-power mm-wave and upper mm-wave devices, as well as for other electron beam applications. To address this need, a current amplifier stage is being developed that will multiply a primary electron-beam current (via the secondary-electron multiplication process) and then emit the amplified beam so as to achieve a current gain of 50-100. Diamond is a particularly promising current amplification source due to the negative electron affinity present at stable hydrogenated surfaces. As such, we are fabricating current amplifiers using single-crystal CVD diamond grown at NRL, with our growth effort focused on reducing the impurity concentration in the epitaxial diamond and on fabricating microns-thick freestanding films. The current amplification characteristics of the diamond films are examined using secondary-electron-emission measurements in both reflection and transmission configurations. In our initial study of an 8.3-µm-thick CVD diamond film, the single-crystal diamond is shown to have superior transport and emission properties compared to similar polycrystalline material. While transmission gains have been obtained under field-free conditions from the unbiased diamond film, we are striving to increase the gain by increasing the transport efficiency in a biased amplifier structure. Towards this end, recent efforts have focused on optimizing the bonding and metallization processes as needed to establish and control the internal electric field. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations are being used to predict the optimal material and device parameters needed to achieve high amplifier gain and low energy spread.

Detergent extracts of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes catalysed the hydrolysis of a range of amino-acyl and peptidyl p-nitro-anilides and aminomethylcoumarins. At least three enzymes were detected that cleave Z–Phe–Arg–MCA. Two of these were optimally active at alkaline pH, the other at pH 4·0. Of the two enzymes with alkaline pH optima, one was a cysteine peptidase and was unable to cleave Bz–Arg–MCA readily, whilst the other cleaved Bz–Arg–MCA and was inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. The acidic enzyme was similar to cathespin L of other eukayrotes with respect to its pH profile, substrate-specificity and inhibitor-sensitivity. Evidence was presented that epimastigotes contain a cysteine-type dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, one or more aminopeptidases, and a serine peptidase that cleaves Boc–Ala–Ala–pNA. Digitonin solubilization of the activities from cells supports the hypothesis that the cathespin L-like enzyme and the dipeptidyl aminopeptidase are lysosomal, whilst the Bz–Arg–MCA hydrolase, the aminopeptidases and the Boc–Ala–Ala–pNA serine peptidase are cytosolic.