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University and college students are vulnerable to developing depressive symptoms. People in low-income countries are disproportionately impacted by mental health problems, yet few studies examine routes to accessing clinical services. Examining motivation and barriers toward seeking clinical mental health services in university students in Bangladesh is important.
Method
Using a cross-sectional survey (n = 350), we assess the relationship between the constructs of autonomy, relatedness, and competency toward using clinical mental health practices (i.e. using professional resources, taking medication) with (1) positive views, (2) perceived need, and (3) use of clinical mental health services among Bangladeshi university students.
Results
Results showed that the perceived need for mental health support was the predictor of the largest magnitude (aOR = 4.99, p = 0.005) for using clinical services. Having a positive view of clinical services was predictive of clinical service use (aOR = 2.87, p = 0.033); however, that association became insignificant (p = 0.054) when adjusting for the perceived need for mental health care. Of the SDT constructs, social influences were predictive of perceiving a need for mental health support, and mental health knowledge was predictive (aOR = 1.10, p = 0.001) of having a positive view of clinical mental health care.
Conclusion
Our findings show that knowledge of mental health is associated with positive views of mental health services, and that higher levels of stress and the presence of people with mental health problems are associated with the perception of a need for mental health care, which is ultimately responsible for using the services.
The Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) cohort study of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA) is a national initiative to catalyze research on dementia, set up to support the research agendas of CCNA teams. This cross-country longitudinal cohort of 2310 deeply phenotyped subjects with various forms of dementia and mild memory loss or concerns, along with cognitively intact elderly subjects, will test hypotheses generated by these teams.
Methods:
The COMPASS-ND protocol, initial grant proposal for funding, fifth semi-annual CCNA Progress Report submitted to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research December 2017, and other documents supplemented by modifications made and lessons learned after implementation were used by the authors to create the description of the study provided here.
Results:
The CCNA COMPASS-ND cohort includes participants from across Canada with various cognitive conditions associated with or at risk of neurodegenerative diseases. They will undergo a wide range of experimental, clinical, imaging, and genetic investigation to specifically address the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these conditions in the aging population. Data derived from clinical and cognitive assessments, biospecimens, brain imaging, genetics, and brain donations will be used to test hypotheses generated by CCNA research teams and other Canadian researchers. The study is the most comprehensive and ambitious Canadian study of dementia. Initial data posting occurred in 2018, with the full cohort to be accrued by 2020.
Conclusion:
Availability of data from the COMPASS-ND study will provide a major stimulus for dementia research in Canada in the coming years.
Just as Dan Kinkead sees new possibilities emerging in Detroit, so, too, do Sharon (Shea) Howell and Richard Feldman. However, rather than focusing, as Kinkead did, on infrastructure or resilience, or on how bottom-up initiatives can become part of the planning system, as Khalil Ligon will describe in Chapter Twelve, Howell and Feldman's possibilities are much more rooted in social revolution and formed out of the visions of activists such as Grace Lee Boggs (see Chapter Twenty-five). They see Detroit as a space to begin anew, with genuine grassroots movements taking hold out of the destruction of the industrial era. Such a vision puts them at odds with many in the city's establishment, and these conflicts about the future of the city are outlined in this chapter.
They argue that Detroit's corporate visions are focused on taking back control of the city and that the imposition of an emergency manager and the declaration of bankruptcy in 2013 were central to this strategy. In contrast, their vision is rooted in local production and local, democratic control. Central to this is their People's Plan, formed by more than 60 different organizations to counter the Plan of Adjustment put forward by the city's “corporate powers.” Tapping into the city's lengthy history of resistance, Howell and Feldman argue that these two visions are now “at war.” Their chapter focuses on resistance and struggle in three important areas: land, water, and consciousness. Readers of this chapter will find many arguments that challenge or contradict many of the celebrated initiatives, narratives, and practices in Detroit. Such critical commentaries on the injustices of Detroit's contemporary “revitalization,” as well as visions for a more inclusive and just city, are important today as the city emerges from bankruptcy and new narratives focused on Downtown's “success” are constructed.
Richard Feldman and Shea Howell are members of the James and Grace Lee Boggs Center to Nurture Community Leadership. They have been active in community-based struggles in Detroit for more than four decades. Richard Feldman has also worked in a Ford assembly plant and is active in the United Auto Workers. Shea Howell is a Professor of Communication at Oakland University. Over the years, they have written many articles together.
Heterogeneity is observed in the patterns of cognition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Such heterogeneity might suggest the involvement of different etiological pathways or different host responses to pathology. A total of 627 subjects with mild/moderate AD underwent cognitive assessment with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2). Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed on cognition subscale data to identify and characterize cognitive subgroups. Clinical, demographic, and genetic factors were explored for association with class membership. LCA suggested the existence of four subgroups; one group with mild and another with severe global impairment across the cognitive domains, one group with primary impairments in attention and construction, and another group with primary deficits in memory and orientation. Education, disease duration, age, Apolipoprotein E-ε4 (APOE ε4) status, gender, presence of grasp reflex, white matter changes, and early or prominent visuospatial impairment were all associated with class membership. Our results support the existence of heterogeneity in patterns of cognitive impairment in AD. Our observation of classes characterized by predominant deficits in attention/construction and memory respectively deserves further exploration as does the association between membership in the attention/construction class and APOE ε4 negative status. (JINS, 2010, 16, 233–243.)
Evidentialism is the thesis that a person is justified in believing a proposition iff the person's evidence on balance supports that proposition. In discussing epistemological issues associated with disagreements among epistemic peers, some philosophers have endorsed principles that seem to run contrary to evidentialism, specifying how one should revise one's beliefs in light of disagreement. In this paper, I examine the connection between evidentialism and these principles. I argue that the puzzles about disagreement provide no reason to abandon evidentialism and that there are no true general principles about justified responses to disagreement other than the general evidentialist principle. I then argue that the puzzles about disagreement are primarily puzzles about the evidential impact of higher-order evidence–evidence about the significance or existence of ordinary, or first-order, evidence. I conclude by arguing that such higher-order evidence can often have a profound effect on the justification of first-order beliefs.
Most models of generational succession in sexually reproducing populations necessarily move back and forth between genic and genotypic spaces. We show that transitions between and within these spaces are usually hidden by unstated assumptions about processes in these spaces. We also examine a widely endorsed claim regarding the mathematical equivalence of kin-, group-, individual-, and allelic-selection models made by Lee Dugatkin and Kern Reeve. We show that the claimed mathematical equivalence of the models does not hold.
Emergency medical services (EMS) responses to
mass gatherings have been described frequently,
but there are few reports describing the response
to a single-day gathering of large magnitude.
Objective:
This report describes the EMS response to the
largest single-day, ticketed concert held in North
America: the 2003 “Toronto Rocks!” Rolling Stones
Concert.
Methods:
Medical care was provided by paramedics,
physicians, and nurses. Care sites included
ambulances, medically equipped, all-terrain
vehicles, bicycle paramedic units, first-aid
tents, and a 124-bed medical facility that
included a field hospital and a rehydration unit.
Records from the first-aid tents, ambulances,
paramedic teams, and rehydration unit were
obtained. Data abstracted included patient
demographics, chief complaint, time of incident,
treatment, and disposition.
Results:
More than 450,000 people attended the concert and
1,870 sought medical care (42/10,000 attendees).
No record was kept for the 665 attendees simply
requesting water, sunscreen, or bandages. Of the
remaining 1,205 patients, the average of the ages
was 28 ±11 years, and 61% were female.
Seven-hundred, ninety-five patients (66%) were
cared for at one of the first-aid tents.
Physicians at the tents assisted in patient
management and disposition when crowds restricted
ambulance movement. Common complaints included
headache (321 patients; 27%), heat-related
complaints (148; 12%), nausea or vomiting (91;
7.6%), musculoskeletal complaints (83; 6.9%), and
breathing problems (79; 6.6%). Peak activity
occurred between 14:00 and 19:00 hours, when 102
patients per hour sought medical attention.
Twenty-four patients (0.5/10,000) were transferred
to off-site hospitals.
Conclusions:
This report on the EMS response, outcomes, and
role of the physicians at a large single-day mass
gathering may assist EMS planners at future
events.
Few controlled studies have examined the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs for prevention of relapse in patients with bipolar I disorder.
Aims
To evaluate whether olanzapine plus either lithium or valproate reduces the rate of relapse, compared with lithium or valproate alone.
Method
Patients achieving syndromic remission after 6 weeks'treatment with olanzapine plus either lithium (0.6–1.2 mmol/l) or valproate (50–125 μg/ml) received lithium or valproate plus either olanzapine 5–20 mg/day (combination therapy) or placebo (monotherapy), and were followed in a double-masked trial for 18 months.
Results
The treatment difference in time to relapse into either mania or depression was not significant for syndromic relapse (median time to relapse: combination therapy 94 days, monotherapy40.5 days; P=0.742), but was significant for symptomatic relapse (combination therapy 163 days, monotherapy42 days; P=0.023).
Conclusions
Patients taking olanzapine added to lithium or valproate experienced sustained symptomatic remission, but not syndromic remission, for longer than those receiving lithium or valproate monotherapy.
We have fabricated ordered arrays of gold nanocrystals on FIB-processed silicon substrates using electroless deposition. We have also fabricated ordered arrays of silver nanocrystals on silicon with diameters 40–60 nm separated by 180 nm center-to-center, using pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) to deposit silver on the substrate. The metal nanocrystal arrays are characterized using SEM as well as AFM and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. AFM confirms particle sizes measured in SEM, and EDX analysis demonstrates that Ag preferentially clusters at sites that have been damaged by the ion beam. These results suggest that the FIB-PLD combination can be used to create ordered arrays of Ag nanocrystals with diameters of 10 nm or less.
A new procedure that generates the transient solution of the first moment of the state of a Markovian queueing network with state-dependent arrivals, services, and routeing is developed. The procedure involves defining a partial differential equation that relates an approximate multivariate cumulant generating function to the intensity functions of the network. The partial differential equation then yields a set of ordinary differential equations which are numerically solved to obtain the first moment.
This study proposes a model explaining the association between physical abuse of children
and children's social and affective status as one in which children's social
expectations and behavior, developed within the context of abusive parenting, mediate current
functioning in these two outcome domains. Subjects included one hundred 9 to 12-year-old
physically abused children recruited from consecutive entries onto the New York State Register
for Child Abuse for New York City and 100 case-matched classmate nonabused comparison
children. Sociometric assessments were carried out in classrooms, interviews were conducted
with the children and their parents, and teachers, parents, and classmates rated the
children's behavior. Path analysis was utilized to test the conceptually derived models.
Children's social expectations regarding peers, and two social behaviors—aggressive
behavior and prosocial behavior—were found to mediate between abuse and positive and
negative social status, as well as between abuse and positive and negative reciprocity. Social
expectations and withdrawn behavior mediated between abuse and positive social status, but only
where withdrawn behavior was a function of social expectations. Social expectations were
generally found to mediate between abuse and internalizing problems. Negative social status (peer
rejection) added to social expectations in producing internalizing problems. Identification of these
mediating pathways can serve to guide secondary preventive intervention efforts so that they best
address the problems abused children face in the absence of adequate parental and peer support as
the children enter adolescence.
Pentacene thin films were grown in ultra high vacuum on amorphous SiO2 and on a high dielectric constant material, crystalline BaTiO3. During pentacene deposition, substrates were held at three different temperatures (-650, 250 and 750 C). In general, three different morphologies were identified: a first closed interfacial layer, a thin film mode composed of faceted grains with single molecule step height, and a volume mode with features substantially higher than those of the thin film mode. Analysis was carried out by atomic force microscopy and in some cases by synchrotron X-ray diffraction.
We describe recent experiments in which we attempted the initial steps for fabricating twodimensional arrays of metal nanocrystals. We use a commercial pulsed-laser deposition system in concert with a focused ion beam to attempt control over both lateral and vertical dimensions at the nanometer length scale. In our experiments, regular arrays of holes typically 80 nm in diameter were drilled in Si substrates using the focused ion beam. Silver atoms were then deposited onto these substrates by pulsed laser evaporation from a metallic target in high vacuum. Under certain conditions of substrate temperature, laser pulse repetition rate, and fluence, small silver nanoclusters form preferentially around the structures previously etched in the silicon surfaces by the focused ion beam.