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32 results

Page 1 of 2

  • 1 - Argumentation

  • Raymond S. Nickerson, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book: Argumentation
  • Published online: 27 November 2020
  • Print publication: 17 December 2020, pp 1-15

  • Summary

    What an argument is, for purposes of this book. Examples of definitions. Purposes that arguments serve. Notable arguments in history. Argumentation as reasoning and conversely. Why another book on argumentation?

  • 6 - Fallacies

  • Raymond S. Nickerson, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book: Argumentation
  • Published online: 27 November 2020
  • Print publication: 17 December 2020, pp 164-207

  • Summary

    What is a fallacy? Types of fallacies. Relativity of fallaciousness. Formal and linguistic difficulties and confusions. Ambiguity. Difficulties with syllogisms. Atmosphere and other effects. Non sequitur reasoning. Stereotyping. Reification. Proof by analogy. Rationalization.

  • 4 - Persuasiveness

  • Raymond S. Nickerson, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book: Argumentation
  • Published online: 27 November 2020
  • Print publication: 17 December 2020, pp 102-134

  • Summary

    What makes an argument persuasive? Properties of arguments (e.g., form, associations, complexity). Properties of arguers (e.g., source, domain knowledge, preferences).

  • 10 - Improving Argumentation

  • Raymond S. Nickerson, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book: Argumentation
  • Published online: 27 November 2020
  • Print publication: 17 December 2020, pp 330-344

  • Summary

    Teaching higher-order cognitive skills. Teaching fallacies. Reducing biases. Collaborative learning. The basics of formal logic. Principles of informal reasoning. A perspective. Some grandfatherly advice. A metaphor. Final thought.

  • 8 - Other Flaws and Foibles

  • Raymond S. Nickerson, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book: Argumentation
  • Published online: 27 November 2020
  • Print publication: 17 December 2020, pp 263-290

  • Summary

    Oversimplification. False dichotomies. Misleading truths. Failures of omission. The principle of invariance. Overweighting the here-and-now. Failure to write off sunk costs. Failure to consider opportunity costs. The myth of objectivity (in journalism, historical reporting, in science).

  • 9 - Stratagems

  • Raymond S. Nickerson, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book: Argumentation
  • Published online: 27 November 2020
  • Print publication: 17 December 2020, pp 291-329

  • Summary

    Appeal to tradition, common knowledge, ignorance, vanity. Proof by selected instances, frequent repetition, obfuscation, blatant assertion. Straw man. Diversion. Incredulity and ridicule. Exploitation of linguistic ambiguity. Linguistic preemption. Selective use of statistics. Ploys and entrapment. Misleading (not necessarily false) claims.

  • 5 - Plausibility

  • Raymond S. Nickerson, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book: Argumentation
  • Published online: 27 November 2020
  • Print publication: 17 December 2020, pp 135-163

  • Summary

    What makes a claim (premise of an argument) plausible? Knowledge and metaknowledge. Believed/assumed relationship and perceived strength of the relationship between antecedent and consequent. Awareness of alternative causes or preventatives. Unawareness of counterexamples. Believed credibility and believed intention of source. Framing effects. Diversity of evidentiary support. Emotions, preferences, and other variables. Global fit. Plausibility theory.

  • 2 - Types of Argument

  • Raymond S. Nickerson, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book: Argumentation
  • Published online: 27 November 2020
  • Print publication: 17 December 2020, pp 16-69

  • Summary

    Deductive, inductive, abductive and conductive arguments. Polya on induction. Postulational and empirical reasoning. Demonstrative and plausible reasoning. Probative logic. Analogical arguments.

  • 7 - Biases, Misconceptions, and the Like

  • Raymond S. Nickerson, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book: Argumentation
  • Published online: 27 November 2020
  • Print publication: 17 December 2020, pp 208-262

  • Summary

    Belief bias. “Truth” bias. Desirability bias/wishful thinking. Citation bias. Attribution bias. Retrospective biases. “False consensus” effect. Hindsight bias. Confirmation bias. My-side bias. Bases of biases. The functionality and dysfunctionality of biases. The ubiquity of biases.

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