At the core of the Gricean account of conversational implicature is a certain assumption concerning the phenomenon that its proponents hope to explain and predict – namely, that conversational implicatures are, essentially, cases of speaker meaning. Heck (2006), however, has argued that once we appreciate a distinctive kind of indeterminacy characteristic of particularized implicatures, we must reject this assumption. Heck’s observation is that there are cases where it is clear a speaker has conversationally implicated something by her utterance, but where there is no particular proposition – other than what the speaker said – that we can plausibly take the speaker to have meant, or intended to communicate. I argue that although Heck’s observation is ultimately not in conflict with the core Gricean assumption, it is in tension with the widely held thesis that the things we mean and implicate are propositions. I sketch an alternative account of the things we mean and implicate – one that that accommodates the fact that in many cases of successful communicative exchanges, there is no particular proposition that the speaker intends to communicate.

Experiments were conducted to develop controls for cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.] on noncrop areas. Single and multiple applications of herbicides were evaluated in field tests. All soil sterilants evaluated provided acceptable control. Single applications of TCA (trichloroacetic acid) at 56 kg/ha and dalapon (2,2-dichloro propionic acid) at 8.3 kg/ha controlled cogongrass without prolonged soil sterility. Multiple applications of amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole), paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and dalapon markedly reduced cogongrass stands 1 year after application.

Field experiments were conducted during 1968 to 1970 to determine the influence of time of herbicide application on control of kudzu [Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi]. Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) effectively controlled kudzu when applications were made as early as May 22 and as late as October 28. Acceptable control was obtained with rates of picloram 0.34 kg/ha or higher. In contrast, (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) was most effective when applied during the first half of summer. Essentially no control of kudzu was obtained from 2,4,5-T applied 1 week before the first killing frost.

1.1.1 The Faculty of Actuaries' Marketing Research Group was set up in May 1988 to research areas of interest to that new breed of Fellow, the “Marketing Actuary”.

In the initial meetings two general areas of interest were identified—namely the marketing of the actuarial profession, and the marketing of financial services products.

Whilst the group has spent time on both subjects this first paper is concerned with the marketing of the actuarial profession.

1.1.2 We felt that the starting point for a marketing audit of the profession was to conduct research amongst the members. In addition we have investigated the coverage achieved by the profession in the media, and looked into developments in North America, including a survey which ranked the actuarial profession against other forms of employment.