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26 results

Page 1 of 2

  • 3 - The Age of Numbers: Calculation of Planetary Climates

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 39-62

  • Summary

    Describes measurements of heat from Moon and Mars. Stefan–Boltzmann law gives basis to calculate planetary temperatures. Debate about conditions on Mars – Lowell and the canali, dependence of calculated temperatures on albedo and solar flux. First efforts to calculate temperature structure in the atmosphere; discovery of the stratosphere by balloon-borne measurements. Arrhenius makes first calculations of changing greenhouse effect as carbon dioxide levels change. Richardson's first efforts in numerical weather prediction.

  • 8 - A New Millennium

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 161-186

  • Summary

    Hubble Space Telescope observes Mars and seasonal changes on Titan. Controversies rage about methane on Mars and cloud–climate feedbacks on Earth. Discovery of spectral windows in Venus atmosphere. Mars rovers discover evidence of past liquid water, while orbital data show vast deposits of subsurface ice.

  • 2 - Planets and Greenhouses

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 17-38

  • Summary

    Outlines growing awareness of the solar system and the physics of heat. Discovery of an atmosphere on Venus during the transit across the sun in 1760. Balloons. Observation of Mars polar caps. Observation of sunspots and possible solar variability. Discovery of infrared light and the principles of thermodynamics. Geological cycles recognized by Hutton. Recognition of the Ice Ages, early attribution by Adhemar and Croll to astronomical variations in sunlight with latitude. Recognition of the carbon cycle and the role of ocean circulation in climate.

  • 10 - Looking Ahead

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 221-248

  • Summary

    Explores the causes of interannual variability in planetary climate – the dust cycle on Mars and perhaps the role of solar variations on Titan and Neptune. Dust storms on Mars and Titan.

  • 1 - The Age of Wonder: Learning the Earth, Oceans and Sky

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 1-16

  • Summary

    Describes the first efforts to understand climate and climate processes. Herodotus' Histories describe the behaviour of the Nile river, and note signs of different past climate. Huygens' speculations about other worlds, with different gravity and atmospheric density, perhaps also seas and sailors, and astronomers like himself. Halley's explorations and documentation of the trade winds; Halley experiments with evaporation in the laboratory and upscales to the Mediterranean. Early temperature measurements exploring the variation with latitude and altitude.

  • 9 - Dune Worlds

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 187-220

  • Summary

    Titan is unveiled by Cassini–Huygens, showing an active hydrological cycle involving methane forming rivers, lakes and seas and exotic clouds of methane, ethane and hydrogen cyanide. Vast fields of sand dunes form in an equatorial desert (shaped by the Hadley circulation on this slowly rotating world). The dunes and seas shed light on present and past climate on Titan. Structure of the Martian polar cap is revealed by radar, amid efforts to decode its record of Mars climate variations. Sulfur dioxide varies on Venus – a signature of Volcanism?

  • 4 - Feeling the Heat

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 63-82

  • Summary

    Chronicles the dust bowl and the recognition of catastrophic outflows at end of last ice age. Callendar's recognition of the growing CO2 abundance and rising temperatures and the link between the two. Development of computers, radio telescopes. Remote measurement of the temperature of Venus, speculations about what might make it so hot. Efforts to measure water vapor in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus from balloons.

  • 6 - Return of the Ice

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 111-132

  • Summary

    Viking lands on Mars, monitors annual pressure cycle, observes frost. Viking orbiter surveys surface and atmosphere, indicating evidence of past liquid (water?). Sediment cores on Earth support astronomical cause of ice ages. Measurement of Titan's atmosphere (greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects) by Voyager; nuclear winter calculations. Pioneer Venus and indications that Venus lost water in the past. Watson and Lockwood develop Daisyworld thought experiment on climate feedbacks.

  • 7 - Mars Attracts

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 133-160

  • Summary

    Pinatubo eruption perturbs Earth's climate via sulfate aerosols. Magellan surveys Venus; suggestion that Venus climate can affect crustal evolution. Discovery of Chicxulub crater formed by the impact that killed the dinosaurs via climate perturbation, also via sulfate aerosols. Polar ice cores yield detailed climate records of Earth. Ideas about ocean–atmosphere equilibrium on Titan. Recognition of Snowball Earth episodes of near-global glaciation in deep past. Meteorites from Mars trigger Mars exploration program – evidence of liquids on Mars in past and present.

  • 12 - Conclusions

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 265-270

  • Summary

    Review of developments in Mars, Venus and Titan climate studies, and relations between these efforts and terrestrial climate and exoplanets. Ongoing evolution of Earth's carbon dioxide abundance.

  • 5 - First Contact: The Dawn of Planetary Exploration

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 83-110

  • Summary

    Describes the dawn of planetary exploration: Mariner II measures Venus temperatures by microwave; Mariner 5 uses radio methods to measure the density of the Mars atmosphere, much smaller than had been expected. Development of early global circulation models, application of energy balance models to explore ice–albedo climate instability of Earth by Budyko and Sellers, and to explore Martian climate by Leighton and Murray. First in-situ exploration of Venus by Soviet Venera probes, calculations of Venus greenhouse effect by Sagan, Pollack and others. Lovelock originates Gaia Hypothesis.

  • 11 - Worlds Beyond: Exoplanet Climate

  • Ralph D. Lorenz, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Exploring Planetary Climate
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    03 January 2019, pp 249-264

  • Summary

    Calculation of the habitable zone around other stars. Detection of light and heat from extrasolar planets. First detection of atmospheres on exoplanets. Numerical modeling of extreme climates: many exoplanets tidally locked with permanent night- and dayside. Multiple planet systems discovered, and a planet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, our nearest star.

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