Subvalvular aortic stenosis is a progressive left-sided obstructive lesion, usually consisting of a discrete membrane, fibromuscular ridge, or tunnel. Surgical intervention is preferred over catheter intervention when the gradient across the lesion is greater than 40 mm Hg or aortic insufficiency has developed across the aortic valve. Perioperative anesthetic goals include maintaining adequate preload, afterload, and a low to normal heart rate.

This chapter continues the scenario from the chapter on Hepatic Portoenterostomy or Kasai Procedure. The pathophysiology of end stage liver disease is reviewed with its specific effects on the individual organ systems. The authors provide a detailed explanation of the pre-operative evaluation for patients requiring liver transplantation. A detailed description of the 3 main phases of liver transplantation is presented with attention to the related anesthetic considerations.

This chapter provides anoverview of the surgical treatment for biliary atresia, the Hepatic Portoenterostomy or Kasai Procedure. The pathophysiology of biliary atresia is reviewed as it related to the organ systems effected. The signs and symptoms of neonatal liver failure are discussed including the development of hepatorenal and hepatopulmonary syndromes. The chapter provides anoverview of the surgical aspects and anesthetic concerns related to the Kasai procedure. The chapter provides a segue into the chapter on liver transplantation.