The problem of women's access to self-defence has been internationally recognised. This paper presents original empirical data on women's use of self-defence in practice alongside critical feminist analysis of the requirements of self-defence under Scots law. The empirical findings confirm that women are rarely successful with self-defence at trial level and the doctrinal analysis further demonstrates that self-defence does not adequately reflect women's experience of violence, especially sexual violence, and instead continues to reflect male experiences of (public) violence. It is intended that this research will form part of a larger developing evidence base, the type of which has been called for (Fitz-Gibbon and Vannier, 2017) and can be used to support reform in this area. As such, it represents a significant contribution to socio-legal work that has considered the issue of women's access to criminal defences.

The purpose of this study was to test the preliminary effectiveness and feasibility of implementation of a function focused care intervention, referred to as Function Focused Care for Assisted Living Using the Evidence Integration Triangle in Assisted Living Communities with Residents with Dementia, and consider the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on incidences of COVID-19 and worsening of behavioral symptoms. The intervention was designed to facilitate a philosophy of care in which staff are educated and helped to actively engage residents in functional and physical activity during all care interactions. This was a single group pre-post intervention study including 51 assisted living communities in a single state in the United States. The communities ranged in size from 8 to 50 beds with the mean number of beds being 13.25 (SD=7.69). The majority (99%) were for profit. There was significant improvement in the support of the environments (p=.01) and policies (p=.04) for physical activity. There was no significant change in falls, emergency room transfers, hospitalizations or nursing community transfers over time. Overall there were only 7 (18%) communities that had COVID-19 positive patients with the numbers ranging from 1-16 residents and percentage ranging from 0-31% and a mean percentage of 17%. The majority did not require that the residents quarantine in their rooms (87%) although they did restrict visitation with the exception of 3 (8%) communities that let families visit after training and with exposure and symptom risk assessments completed at each visit. Communities in which residents were quarantined in their rooms had a 40% greater likelihood of having COVID-19 positive residents than communities that did not quarantine residents. None of the restrictions imposed were associated with worsening of behavioral symptoms. The findings are descriptive and pilot in nature but can be used to guide future research around prevention and management of infections in assisted living.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The overall goal of this study was to determine the effect of early life stress (ELS) on the intestinal CD4+ T cell immune compartment, at homeostasis and after induction of experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used a mouse model of ELS, maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW). We used IL-10 reporter mice to enable analysis of IL-10-producing cells. Mice were examined on postnatal day 28 to determine the impact of ELS on gut regulatory T cells. Plasma levels of corticosterone (rodent stress response hormone) was determined by ELISA. Colitis was induced in MSEW and normal rear (NR) mice via intraperitoneal injection of α-IL-10R every 5 days until day 15. Mice were euthanized on days 20 and 30. Colonic tissue sections were stained for histological analysis. Remaining tissue was further processed for flow cytometric analysis of CD4+ T cells and innate lymphoid cells. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Plasma corticosterone was elevated in MSEW mice compared to their NR counterparts at 4 weeks of age. We observed that the MSEW stress protocol does not affect the baseline colonic CD4+ T cell or innate lymphoid cell populations. There was a reduction in the intestinal CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells on day 20 in α-IL-10R MSEW mice compared to NR counterparts. This difference disappeared by day 30. Histological scoring showed no difference in disease severity between α-IL-10R treated MSEW and NR mice on day 20. However, on day 30, when α-IL-10R NR mice are recovering from colitis, MSEW mice showed persistent histological inflammation, mainly attributable to sustained epithelial damage. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our results suggest that ELS prolongs intestinal inflammation and impairs epithelial repair. Future studies will focus on elucidating the mechanisms responsible for ELS-dependent impairment of mucosal repair in experimental colitis.