Varicella is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease. Since 1 December 2018, the varicella vaccine has been included in the local Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Wuxi, China, and children born after 1 December 2014 are eligible for free vaccination. To evaluate the effect of varicella vaccination in Wuxi city, we selected 382 397 children born from 2012 to 2016 as subjects. Their disease data were obtained from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and their vaccination data were obtained from the Jiangsu Province Vaccination Integrated Service Management Information System. The incidence of breakthrough varicella cases increased in the first 4 years and reached the peak in the fifth year. With the increase of vaccination rate, the incidence of varicella decreased significantly. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was found to be 88.17%–95.78% for one dose and 98.65%–99.93% for two doses. Although the VE per dose decreased from 99.57% in the first year to 93.04% in the eighth year, it remained high. These findings confirmed the effectiveness of varicella vaccination in children, supported the use of a two-dose varicella vaccination strategy to achieve better protection, and provided important insights into the optimal vaccination strategy for varicella prevention in children.

Numerous studies have indicated that turbulence typically initiates along the boundary layer of the stationary disk within a rotor–stator cavity. To describe the transition process to turbulence on the stationary side of a closed rotor–stator cavity, a comprehensive approach combining global linear stability analysis with direct numerical simulation was adopted in the present study. The proposed model aligns with that of Yim et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 848, 2018, pp. 631–647), who investigated the stability characteristics of the rotating-disk boundary layer in a rotor–stator cavity. In order to achieve a stable inflow for the stationary-disk boundary layer, we rotate the shroud together with the rotating disk. Through careful global stability analysis, the predominant spiral mode exhibiting the highest instability in the boundary layer of the stationary disk was discerned, corroborating observations from simulations. Initially, the spiral mode undergoes linear amplification, reaches a state of linear saturation and enters the nonlinear regime. Following nonlinear saturation in the flow field, a circular wave mode arises due to the influence of mean flow distortion. As the Reynolds number attained a sufficiently high level, the interplay between the downstream-propagating circular mode and spiral mode amplified disturbances in the boundary layer of the stationary disk, ultimately leading to the development of localised turbulence at the mid-radius of the rotor–stator cavity. Notably, the present study is the first to elucidate the coexistence of laminar–transitional–turbulent flow states in the stationary-disk boundary layer through direct numerical simulations.

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) has been widely used in recent studies of eggshells for its convenience in collecting in situ crystallographic information. China has a wide variety of dinosaur eggshells, although nearly none have been studied with this technique. Elongatoolithid eggs include many oogenera, although the microstructural differences of some were not highly appreciated, leading to several parataxonomic problems. In this paper, we surveyed seven elongatoolithid oogenera in China using EBSD in order to acquire more information about their microstructural variation. It is shown in this paper that in some elongatoolithid eggshells, scaly calcite grains that form the squamatic ultrastructure are not the only form of calcite in the continuous layer. Large columnar grains separated by high-angled grain boundaries and slender subgrains separated by radially arranged low-angled grain boundaries could exist in certain areas of the eggshells such as Macroolithus and Macroelongatoolithus. This paper discusses the criteria for identifying squamatic ultrastructure and proposes type I (rich in rugged high-angled grain boundaries) and type II (rich in both rugged high- and low-angled grain boundaries) squamatic ultrastructures. A pathological layer is found in Undulatoolithus pengi. An external zone is identified in the eggshell of Heishanoolithus changii, which does not support its position within the oofamily Elongatoolithidae. We argue that Paraelongatoolithus no longer belongs to Elongatoolithidae based on a combination of reticulated ornamentation, columnar continuous layer, and acicular mammillae. The high structural variation in elongatoolithid eggshells also implies that it may be inappropriate to relate all previous elongatoolithid eggshells to oviraptorosaurs and assume they are non-monophyletic.

Binary nanodroplet collisions have received increasing attention, whilst the identification of collision outcomes and the viscous dissipation mechanism have remained poorly understood. Using molecular dynamics simulations, this study investigates binary nanodroplet collisions over wide ranges of Weber number (We), Ohnesorge number (Oh) and off-centre distances. Coalescence, stretching separation and shattering are identified; however, bouncing, reflexive separation and rotational separation reported for millimetre-sized collisions are not observed, which is attributed to the enhanced viscous effect caused by the ‘natural’ high-viscosity characteristics of nanodroplets. Intriguingly, as an intermediate outcome, holes form in retracting films at relatively high We, arising from the vibration and thermal fluctuation of the films. Due to the combined effects of inertial, capillary and viscous forces, binary nanodroplet collisions fall into the cross-over regime, so estimating viscous dissipation becomes extremely important for distinguishing outcome boundaries. Based on the criterion that stretching separation is triggered only when the residual off-centre kinetic energy exceeds the surface energy required for separation, the boundary equation between coalescence and stretching separation is established. Here, viscous dissipation is calculated by the extracted flow feature from simulations, showing that the ratio of viscous dissipation to the initial kinetic energy depends only on Oh, not on We. Because of complex viscous dissipation mechanisms, the same boundary equation in the cross-over regime has also not been satisfactorily revealed for macroscale collisions. Therefore, the proposed equation is tested for wide data sources from both macroscale and nanoscale collisions, and satisfying agreement is achieved, demonstrating the universality of the equation.

Increasing evidence shows that maternal hyperglycemia inhibits cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis during fetal heart development, which leads to cardiac dysplasia. Accumulating evidence suggests that the overexpression of miR-21 in CMs has a protective role in cardiac function. Therefore, we investigated whether miR-21 can rescue CM injury caused by high glucose. First, we performed biological function analysis of miR-21-5p overexpression in H9c2 cells treated with high glucose. We found that the proliferation of H9c2 cells treated with high glucose decreased significantly and was rescued after overexpression of miR-21-5p. CCK-8 and EdU incorporation assays were performed to assess cell proliferation. The cell proliferation of the miR-21-5p mimic transfection group was improved compared with that of the NC mimic group (*p < 0.05, miR-21-5p mimics vs. NC mimics) when the proliferation of H9c2 cells was reduced by high glucose (****p < 0.0001, high glucose (HG) vs. normal glucose (NG)). Then, we verified the targeted and negative regulation of miR-21-5p on Rhob using a dual-luciferase activity assay and RT-qPCR, respectively. We further demonstrated that miR-21-5p regulates Rhob to rescue the inhibition of CM proliferation induced by high glucose. The CCK-8 results showed that the cell proliferation of the siRNA-Rhob group was higher than that of the NC mimic group (***p < 0.001) and that of the cotransfection group with Up-Rhob plasmids and miR-21-5p mimics was lower than that of the miR-21-5p mimic group (*p < 0.05). Conclusion: Overexpression of miR-21-5p rescues the inhibition of high glucose-induced CM proliferation through regulation of Rhob.

Fine mapping and discovery of watermelon rind trait candidate genes are of great significance for modern watermelon breeding and development. In this study, we used the high-resolution genetic mapping and genome-wide genetic variation detection technology, combined with genome survey and sequencing technology, to locate and discover the candidate genes for rind traits of star watermelon varieties ‘Su XuanBai’ and ‘SHLX21’. Firstly, we identified a total of eight quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to watermelon rind traits on chromosome 6. Secondly, a total of 208,240 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 75,345 small Indels (insertions/deletions) were detected in the two parents by high-coverage re-sequencing, respectively. Based on the genetic variation of the two parents and combined with Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis using the planta database, the QTL region was reduced to 0.02 Mb. Finally, we identified the six potential regulatory factors for watermelon rind traits using real-time quantitative PCR. In conclusion, our results revealed the fine localization of candidate genes for watermelon rind traits and the successful discovery of candidate genes for regulating watermelon rind traits, which is of importance for watermelon rind traits and breeding-improved watermelon varieties.

Fast neutron absorption spectroscopy is widely used in the study of nuclear structure and element analysis. However, due to the traditional neutron source pulse duration being of the order of nanoseconds, it is difficult to obtain a high-resolution absorption spectrum. Thus, we present a method of ultrahigh energy-resolution absorption spectroscopy via a high repetition rate, picosecond duration pulsed neutron source driven by a terawatt laser. The technology of single neutron count is used, which results in easily distinguishing the width of approximately 20 keV at 2 MeV and an asymmetric shape of the neutron absorption peak. The absorption spectroscopy based on a laser neutron source has one order of magnitude higher energy-resolution power than the state-of-the-art traditional neutron sources, which could be of benefit for precisely measuring nuclear structure data.

We develop a high-fidelity multi-physics model and, by using it, study the energy conversion process of a piezohydroelastic flag. Instead of a regular flag with a clamped upstream leading edge, we use an inverted flag so as to make the best of fluid elastic instability for energy harvesting. Moreover, different from many previous studies where a resistor–capacitor (RC) circuit is usually used, we adopt a resistor–inductor–capacitor (RLC) circuit for electricity generation. The influences of several key parameters associated with fluid, structure and electric dynamics are studied. Significantly different response modes are identified, among which the symmetric- and asymmetric-flutter modes are most suitable for sustainable energy harvesting, both emerging with moderate bending stiffness. If only deploying the RC circuit, increasing the resistance makes the flag more stable. By adding an inductor to turn the RC circuit into an RLC one, we observe the occurrence of ‘lock-in’ between the flag frequency and the circuit frequency as first reported on a regular flag by Xia et al. (Phys. Rev. Appl., vol. 3, 2015, 014009). This phenomenon can significantly enhance the energy output, but it only happens when the circuit resistance is sufficiently large. From a derivation based on dynamic mode decomposition analysis, we further identify an optimal condition for maximizing the energy output, which can serve as a guideline to determine whether deploying an inductor can boost the performance, and, if yes, the required inductance. The findings from this study can better guide the design of flow-induced-vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesters for microelectronic devices.

Biochar is increasingly used in crop production as a fertilizer; however, its effects on nutrient cycling and stoichiometry in rice paddy soil–plant systems are unclear. We tested for effects of contrasting rates of biochar on soil and rice plant organ carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and stoichiometry and soil physicochemical properties in early and late paddies. Overall, biochar reduced soil bulk density by an average of 7.4%, while application at 10, 20, and 40 t ha−1 increased soil C and N concentrations in early paddies by 31.6, 41.3, and 104.2%, respectively, and by 8.0, 5.0, and 21.8%, respectively; in late paddies, there were increases of 23.0, 94.1, and 117.0%, respectively, and 6.7, 15.4, and 18.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). Following biochar application at 10, 20, and 40 t ha−1, soil concentration of P decreased in early paddies by 10.9, 19.0, and 13.9%, respectively, and increased in late paddies by 4.3, 16.4, and 20.1%, respectively. Biochar increased ratios of soil C:N and C:P in early and late paddies (P < 0.05), and there was no effect on concentration and stoichiometry of soil available nutrients. Biochar reduced rice plant organ concentration of N and P in early rice and increased leaf N:P ratios. Despite the biochar application improved nutrient status in plant–soil system, we did not observe a significant increase in yield (P > 0.05). According to the N:P value of leaves between treatments, it was found that biochar alleviated the current situation of N limitation in paddy fields during the mature period and transformed the N limitation of early rice into a joint limitation of N and P. These results show that the addition of biochar to subtropical paddy soils leads to a short-term reduction in soil bulk density and increases in soil C and N concentrations and soil fertility. Thus, biochar applied at optimal rates is likely to improve the sustainability of subtropical paddy rice production.

Varicella vaccination is optional and requires self-payment. On 1 December 2018, Wuxi City launched a free varicella vaccination program for children. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in varicella incidence before and after the implementation of the policy. The data were obtained from official information systems and statistical yearbooks. We divided the period into chargeable (January 2017 to November 2018) and free (December 2018 to December 2021) periods. Interrupt time series analysis was used to conduct a generalised least-squares regression analysis for the two periods. A total of 51,071 varicella cases were reported between January 2017 and December 2021. After the implementation of the policy, there was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of varicella (β2 = −0.140, P = 0.017), and the slope of the incidence also decreased by 0.012 (P = 0.015). Following policy implementation, the incidence decreased in all age groups, with the largest decline observed among children aged 8–14 years (β2 = −1.109, P = 0.009), followed by children aged ≤7 years (β2 = −0.894, P = 0.013). Our study found a significant reduction in the incidence of varicella in the total population after the introduction of free varicella vaccination in Wuxi City.