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[When fighting broke out in former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s] the reaction of the professional community was uncoordinated and inefficient. For example, multiple missions were mounted to Sarajevo, and while doubtless helpful in showing solidarity with professional colleagues there, these were generally carried out in ignorance of each other, and valuable opportunities for sharing information and resources were missed … There was clearly scope for increased co-operation.
George McKenzie, IFLA representative co-founder of ICBS (2000, 5)
But what does cooperation mean? Why does it matter? And what form should it take? These are questions with no easy answer, but which, as President of the Blue Shield, an international organisation dedicated to the protection of heritage in armed conflict, I grapple with on a daily basis, and which are central to the discussions within the following pages.
Cultural property protection during armed conflict is a hard task to achieve – practical results must be delivered under pressure in complex circumstances. Resources are limited, and multiple demands compete for attention. The situation will be constantly changing, and pre-planning, while essential, may have to give way to flexibility in the face of emerging circumstances. When they occur, such situations require not only strong leadership to achieve effective outcomes, but significant pre-planning to assess possible risks and threats and plan for them as far as possible, to minimise the chances of unexpected events resulting in the loss of cultural heritage. In cultural property protection, that means a multi-sectoral approach is essential, as embodied in the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two Protocols, and as examined in this volume. The peacetime activities recommended in the Convention – safeguarding measures at sites, listing of key sites for greater protection, preparation of storage facilities for moveable cultural property and of transports to such refuges, and training of civil and military authorities, amongst a number of others – cannot be realised without planning, coordination, and effective leadership. The Convention allocates such responsibilities to its high contracting parties and their designated competent authorities, but they were not meant to work alone.
We derive an accurate estimate for the diffusive evaporation rates of multiple droplets of different sizes and arbitrary contact angles placed on a horizontal substrate. The derivation, which is based on a combination of Green's second identity and the method of reflections, simply makes use of the solution for the evaporation of a single droplet. The theoretical results can serve as a guide for future computational and experimental studies on the collective evaporation of arrays of droplets, as well as similar multi-body, diffusion-dominated transport problems.
Fetal gastrointestinal and abdominal wall malformations are easily visualized by ultrasound and may be detected either during a second-trimester scan for anomalies or by chance during an examination for an unrelated indication, such as the evaluation of poor fetal growth, abnormal amniotic fluid volume (usually polyhydramnios), or an increased maternal serum α-fetoprotein (MSAFP). Increasingly these abnormalities are being detected on late first-trimester scanning.
In December 2016, the ancient city of Palmyra fell, for the second time, under the control of the so-called ‘Islamic State’ – a group that includes in its arsenal of war the intentional destruction of cultural property. If they remain in control, we can expect further intentional damage at the site over the next weeks. At the same time Mr al-Mahdi, a member of the Islamic extremist group Ansar Dine, has recently been sentenced by the International Criminal Court to nine years imprisonment, for the intentional destruction of cultural property in Timbuktu. The destruction of cultural property has, once again, become an integral, deliberate, aspect of war.
The intentional and tragic destruction of cultural property during war begs obvious and important questions about the role of heritage as a resource for peacebuilding. Indeed, with on-going conflicts blanketing large swaths of Africa and the Middle East, along with the disturbing rise of exclusionary and extreme politics globally, understanding the relationship between heritage and peacebuilding has never been more important or urgent. While not much can be done in the heat of war to protect the loss of heritage, much more can and must be done to use heritage as a vehicle for peace. The chapters presented in this book begin to address this emerging role and the growing acceptance among heritage professionals of the need to engage with this responsibility. If we do not grasp this opportunity to show how heritage might be used to foster a culture of peace then it will be side-lined and ignored – or worse, used for overt political gain in ways that often promote violence.
At the end of the Second World War the international community came together to form both the United Nations and its constituent part, the UN's Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation – UNESCO. The opening words of UNESCO's Constitution address head-on the part that education, science, and culture were expected play in the establishment of global peace: “Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed”.
The study aims to assess whether supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) can reduce the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled parallel trial was conducted in New Zealand (NZ) (Wellington and Auckland). Pregnant women with a personal or partner history of atopic disease were randomised at 14–16 weeks’ gestation to receive HN001 (6×109 colony-forming units) (n 212) or placebo (n 211) daily. GDM at 24–30 weeks was assessed using the definition of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) (fasting plasma glucose ≥5·1 mmol/l, or 1 h post 75 g glucose level at ≥10 mmol/l or at 2 h ≥8·5 mmol/l) and NZ definition (fasting plasma glucose ≥5·5 mmol/l or 2 h post 75 g glucose at ≥9 mmol/l). All analyses were intention-to-treat. A total of 184 (87 %) women took HN001 and 189 (90 %) women took placebo. There was a trend towards lower relative rates (RR) of GDM (IADPSG definition) in the HN001 group, 0·59 (95 % CI 0·32, 1·08) (P=0·08). HN001 was associated with lower rates of GDM in women aged ≥35 years (RR 0·31; 95 % CI 0·12, 0·81, P=0·009) and women with a history of GDM (RR 0·00; 95 % CI 0·00, 0·66, P=0·004). These rates did not differ significantly from those of women without these characteristics. Using the NZ definition, GDM prevalence was significantly lower in the HN001 group, 2·1 % (95 % CI 0·6, 5·2), v. 6·5 % (95 % CI 3·5, 10·9) in the placebo group (P=0·03). HN001 supplementation from 14 to 16 weeks’ gestation may reduce GDM prevalence, particularly among older women and those with previous GDM.
Preamble:Executive Order (EO) 13112—defines an invasive species as “an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.” In the Executive Summary of the National Invasive Species Management Plan (NISMP) the term invasive species is further clarified and defined as “a species that is non-native to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.” To provide guidance for the development and implementation of the NISMP, the National Invasive Species Council (NISC) and the Invasive Species Advisory Committee (ISAC) adopted a set of principles outlined in Appendix 6 of the NISMP. Guiding Principle #1 provides additional context for defining the term invasive species and states “many alien species are non-invasive and support human livelihoods or a preferred quality of life.”
Tomonori Morikawa, James E. Hanley, and John Orbell have argued that natural selection leads populations who play Hawk-Dove, a game-theoretic stylization of confrontation, to develop the capacity for various “orders of recognition.” Such an argument requires a model linking game play to the presence or absence of various cognitive mechanisms. Morikawa and colleagues present such a model but, I argue, leave it incomplete, unable to sustain the conclusions they wish to defend. The development of a more fully specified model would significantly assist future studies of cognitive structures related to game play.
Forty-six specimens of Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus were captured in depths varying between 100 and 500 m outside of the fringing reef near Suva, Fiji Islands. Thirty-eight of the specimens were male. Air weight per individual varied between 347 and 630 g. Sexual dimorphism in size is indicated, since mature shell modifications (approximated septa, blackened aperture) were present in two females weighing about 350 g (soft parts plus shell) and one weighing slightly over 400 g; the smallest male showing mature shell modifications weighed 496 g. All newly captured specimens were heavier than seawater, with mean weight in seawater of 1.87 g determined for twenty-five specimens. Total volumes of cameral liquid ranged between 13.5 and 0 ml. Thirteen of twenty-five sampled specimens showed less than 1.0 ml of cameral liquid from all chambers. Average cameral liquid osmolarity was lower than that observed in sampled populations of N. macromphalus from New Caledonia and N. pompilius from the Philippine Islands. Maximum swimming rates were 0.25 m/sec. N. pompilius exhibits two common color polymorphs.
We consider the stability of a long free film of liquid composed of two immiscible layers of differing viscosities, where each layer experiences a van der Waals force between its interfaces. We analyse the different ways in which the system can exhibit interfacial instability when the liquid layers are sufficiently thin. For an excess of surfactant on one gas–liquid interface, the coupling between the layers is relatively weak and the instability is manifested as temporally separated rupture events in each layer. Conversely, in the absence of surfactant, the coupling between the layers is much stronger and the instability is manifested as rupture of both layers simultaneously. These features are consistent with recent experimental observations.
Ongoing software developments for creating three-dimensional (3D) printed crystallographic models seamlessly from Crystallographic Information Framework (CIF) data (*.cif files) are reported. Color versus monochrome printing is briefly discussed. Recommendations are made on the basis of our preliminary printing efforts. A brief outlook on new materials for 3D printing is given.
Edited by
Suzie Thomas, University Lecturer in Museology at the University of Helsinki,Joanne Lea, Educator with the Trillium Lakelands District School Board in Ontario, Canada
Many years ago a young boy noticed a small, scrappy piece of paper on the school noticeboard, asking for volunteers to help excavate a Roman villa being threatened by a new road. He dismissed the plea, sure (despite never having studied them) in the knowledge that we knew enough about the Romans; safe within his fascination of 17th century England and utterly incredulous that anyone might consider giving time on a Saturday afternoon to anything other than rugby. Some years later a recent graduate, fresh from studying modern history at university and just about to embark on a career teaching history, was walking, with his girlfriend, along a street in York called Coppergate. They noticed a long roadside hoarding, upon which was a sign encouraging passers-by to pay to visit the archaeological excavations hidden behind. ‘Pay?!’ they commented … and walked on.
The young teacher was soon confronted by class upon class of pupils who did not share his total and unquestioning fascination with history. The curriculum demanded that he teach periods totally new to him including prehistory and ancient civilisations; all utterly captivating … to him … but surprisingly — impossibly? — not to the children. As he struggled to interest them he began to read around how we knew about these distant periods and came into contact, really for the first time, with archaeology.
Human behaviour, like everything else, has causes. Most of the time, those causes can be described as reasons. Human beings perform actions because they have reasons for performing them. They are capable of surveying the options available and then selecting one based upon those reasons. But invariably occasions arise in which the reasons known to the agent fail to single out a determinate option. When reasons cannot determine the option to select on their own, the agent must resort to some form of non-reasoned decision-making (NRDM). This paper distinguishes four different forms of NRDM – picking, randomizing, deferring and judging. Each form may be appropriate under different circumstances. The paper concludes by laying out the theoretical assumptions upon which this account of NRDM rests.
Complementing a multitude of activities around the International Year of Crystallography, we report here on a few resources that are helpful for integrating basic crystallography into interdisciplinary college education. We concentrate on four resources with which we are directly involved. The Crystallography Open Database (COD) features currently more than 295,000 entries and has over the last decade developed into the world’s premier open-access source for the structures of small molecules and small to medium sized unit cell crystals. ‘Educational offshoots’ of the COD with approximately a thousand entries combined provide structural information on small molecules, selected macromolecules, crystal structures, grain boundaries, and crystal morphologies in the well documented Crystallographic Information Framework (CIF) file format. This information can be displayed interactively on the website http://nanocrystallography.research.pdx.edu and freely downloaded. Files that allow for the printing of selected database entries on any 3D printer have been added to this site and are also freely downloadable. These files were created with the programs Cif2VRML and WinXMorph that convert CIF files directly into 3D printing files. Interested college educators are invited to visit our open access crystallography resource portal and suggest other resources that should receive wider exposure over this portal.
The excavations at Kilise Tepe in the 1990s inevitably left a range of research questions unanswered, and our second spell of work at the site from 2007 to 2011 sought to address some of these, relating to the later second and early first millennia. This article gathers the architectural and stratigraphie results of the renewed excavations, presenting the fresh information about the layout and character of the Late Bronze Age North-West Building and the initial phases of the Stele Building which succeeded it, including probable symbolic practices, and describing the complex stratigraphic sequence in the Central Strip sounding which covers the lapse of time from the 12th down to the seventh century. There follow short reports on the analyses of the botanical and faunal materials recovered, a summary of the results from the relevant radiocarbon dating samples and separate studies addressing issues resulting from the continuing study of the ceramics from the different contexts. Taken together, a complex picture emerges of changes in settlement layout, archi¬tectural traditions, use of external space, artefact production and subsistence strategies during the centuries which separate the Level III Late Bronze Age settlement from the latest Iron Age occupation around 700 BC.