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Page 1 of 5

  • Chapter 18 - Diplomacy

  • from Part 3 - The traditional agenda: States, wars and law
  • Edited by Richard Devetak, University of Queensland, Daniel R. McCarthy, University of Melbourne
  • Book:
    An Introduction to International Relations
    Published online:
    31 August 2024
    Print publication:
    12 August 2024, pp 245-257

  • Summary

    This chapter makes three main arguments. First, ideas and practices of diplomacy have a multi-millennial history – much longer than is generally thought. Second, this long history has been characterised by both continuity and change. As a result, diplomacy has been as much adaptive as resistant to change. And third, that diplomacy is not diminishing in importance. To assess these claims, the chapter first addresses the issue of defining diplomacy, before examining the evolution of diplomacy in terms that may be characterised broadly as pre-modern, modern and postmodern. Finally, the chapter evaluates the relationship between diplomacy and the study of international relations.

  • Globalization and Empire: Market Integration and International Trade among Canada, the US, and Britain, 1750–1870

  • Maja Uhre Pedersen, Vincent Geloso, Paul Sharp
  • Journal:
    Social Science History / Volume 48 / Issue 1 / Spring 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 November 2023, pp. 19-40
    Print publication:
    Spring 2024
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  • Wheat market integration between the US and the UK before the “first era of globalization” (in the second half of the nineteenth century) was frequently interrupted by policy and “exogenous” events such as wars. This paper adds Canada to this story by looking at trade and price data, as well as contemporary debates. This allows us to triangulate the role of policy and wars, since Canada as a small open economy was part of the British Empire. We find that, despite its privileged access to British markets, Canada faced similar barriers to the US, suggesting that membership of the British Empire provided only a modest benefit to trade. We also describe the limitations she faced accessing the US market, in particular after American independence.

  • Strategies to increase the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron and zinc from cereal products

  • Sarah M. Arafsha, Mohamad F. Aslam, Peter R. Ellis, Gladys O. Latunde-Dada, Paul A. Sharp
  • Journal:
    Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 July 2023, pp. 1-7
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  • Cereal products provide 50 % of iron and 30 % of zinc in the UK diet. However, despite having high content, the bioavailability of minerals from cereals is low. This review discusses strategies to increase mineral bioavailability from cereal-based foods. Iron and zinc are localised to specific tissue structures within cereals; however, the cell walls of these structures are resistant to digestion in the human gastrointestinal tract and therefore the bioaccessibility of these essential minerals from foods for absorption in the intestine is limited. In addition, minerals are stored in cereals bound to phytate, which is the main dietary inhibitor of mineral absorption. Recent research has focused on ways to enhance mineral bioavailability from cereals. Current strategies include disruption of plant cell walls to increase mineral release (bioaccessibility) during digestion; increasing the mineral:phytate ratio either by increasing the mineral content through conventional breeding and/or agronomic biofortification, or by reducing phytate levels; and genetic biofortification to increase the mineral content in the starchy endosperm, which is used to produce white wheat flour. While much of this work is at an early stage, there is potential for these strategies to lead to the development of cereal-based foods with enhanced nutritional qualities that could address the low mineral status in the UK and globally.

  • A Microlevel Analysis of Danish Dairy Cooperatives: Opportunities for Large Data in Business History

  • Paul Sharp, Sofia Henriques, Eoin McLaughlin, Xanthi Tsoukli, Christian Vedel
  • Journal:
    Enterprise & Society , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 April 2023, pp. 1-29
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  • We contribute to the argument for a “new” business history employing a quantitative approach. We illustrate opportunities for new perspectives from this approach using a novel microlevel longitudinal database comprising 131 variables for 1,419 cooperative creameries in Denmark for the period 1898–1945, which we also document and make available to the scholarly community. We present a number of applications of the data, including investigating regional productivity differences, expenditure on fire insurance, and survivorship and reporting biases.

  • Measuring the success of cross-tenure collaborative weed management: insights codeveloped with practitioners

  • Sonia Graham, Megan Wyllie, Mel Wilkerson, Michael Williams, Angela Sharp, Hillary Cherry, Paul Martin, Rebecca Campbell, Gina Hawkes
  • Journal:
    Invasive Plant Science and Management / Volume 15 / Issue 4 / December 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    23 January 2023, pp. 183-193
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  • There is limited documentation of cross-tenure collaborative weed management programs, and no consistent set of metrics for evaluating their performance. In this study, 12 weed management practitioners in southeast Australia participated in a qualitative social research project to discuss and document examples of cross-tenure collaborative weed management and critically reflect on whether existing metrics are suitable for evaluating the performance of their programs. Analysis of focus group discussions, project documentation, subsequent reflections, and review of the literature reveal that weed management practitioners, in Australia and elsewhere, mostly rely on metrics that measure weed management inputs, such as herbicides, labor, and costs. Metrics used to evaluate social outcomes focus on benefits for individuals rather than social relationships or achievement of equitable outcomes. Social research on collaborative governance and social science methods more broadly, such as social network analysis and collective narratives, could be used by weed management practitioners to better evaluate and explain social–ecological outcomes over time.

  • Disrupted state transition learning as a computational marker of compulsivity

  • Paul B. Sharp, Raymond J. Dolan, Eran Eldar
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 5 / April 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 September 2021, pp. 2095-2105
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  • Background

    Disorders involving compulsivity, fear, and anxiety are linked to beliefs that the world is less predictable. We lack a mechanistic explanation for how such beliefs arise. Here, we test a hypothesis that in people with compulsivity, fear, and anxiety, learning a probabilistic mapping between actions and environmental states is compromised.

    Methods

    In Study 1 (n = 174), we designed a novel online task that isolated state transition learning from other facets of learning and planning. To determine whether this impairment is due to learning that is too fast or too slow, we estimated state transition learning rates by fitting computational models to two independent datasets, which tested learning in environments in which state transitions were either stable (Study 2: n = 1413) or changing (Study 3: n = 192).

    Results

    Study 1 established that individuals with higher levels of compulsivity are more likely to demonstrate an impairment in state transition learning. Preliminary evidence here linked this impairment to a common factor comprising compulsivity and fear. Studies 2 and 3 showed that compulsivity is associated with learning that is too fast when it should be slow (i.e. when state transition are stable) and too slow when it should be fast (i.e. when state transitions change).

    Conclusions

    Together, these findings indicate that compulsivity is associated with a dysregulation of state transition learning, wherein the rate of learning is not well adapted to the task environment. Thus, dysregulated state transition learning might provide a key target for therapeutic intervention in compulsivity.

  • 2 - Western Europe

  • from Part I - Regional Developments
  • Edited by Stephen Broadberry, University of Oxford, Kyoji Fukao, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Economic History of the Modern World
    Published online:
    03 June 2021
    Print publication:
    24 June 2021, pp 48-73

  • Summary

    This chapter considers the growth performance of western European countries since 1870, and relates this to the degree of openness. A theoretical explanation of why convergence is predicted by economic theory is presented and some statistics are presented on GDP per capita and the contributions of various factors to growth performance. Three periods are considered: 1870 until World War I; the interwar period; and after World War II. The first and the last are associated with globalization and convergence, whereas the interwar period witnessed increasing levels of economic isolation and lack of convergence. All western European countries are much richer today than they were in 1870, but some countries have performed much more strongly than others. Over- and underperforming countries, whose growth performances were markedly different from what might be expected from their initial levels of income, are highlighted, and possible interpretations suggested.

  • OP513 Disparities In Cancer Premature Mortality In Brazil: Predictions Up To 2030 And Sustainable Development Goals

  • Marianna De Camargo Cancela, Arthur Correa Schilithz, Leonardo Borges de Souza, Luís Felipe Martins, Dyego Bezerra de Souza, Paul Hanly, Anton Barchuk, Isabelle Soerjomataram, Linda Sharp, Alison Pearce
  • Journal:
    International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 36 / Issue S1 / December 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 December 2020, p. 12
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  • Introduction

    Premature mortality affects the economy directly due to the loss of productivity of individuals who die, thus ceasing to contribute economically to the country. The one-third reduction in premature mortality (30–69 years) from chronic noncommunicable diseases is goal 3.4 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG). Although cancer is a chronic disease, it comprises more than 100 different conditions, with different risk factors and prognosis. This study aimed to calculate current and predicted premature mortality by 2030 for Brazil and regions, compared with the SDG 3.4 target and identify regional progress and future needs.

    Methods

    Mortality data were extracted from the National Mortality Information System of Brazil (SIM) and subsequently corrected for ill-defined causes. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated. NordPred package by software R was used to calculate predictions up to 2030 and compared with the goal of one-third reduction of premature deaths.

    Results

    Comparison of observed (2011–2015) and predicted (2026–2030) mortality rates show a 12.0% reduction in the likelihood of death among men and 4.6 percent among women nationally. Although predicted rates for 2026–2030 are lower than those observed in 2011–2015, the predicted number of deaths increases by 75,341 for men and 90,513 for women. Lung cancer mortality rates are predicted to decrease more among men than women, while colorectal cancer mortality will increase for both sexes.

    Conclusions

    The profile of cancer premature mortality is diverse in Brazil. Nationally, only male lung cancer will be close to reaching the SDG 3.4 target, endorsing the government's long-term efforts to reduce tobacco consumption. Colorectal cancer mortality increases in most regions, reflecting the epidemiological transition. Despite progress in cervical cancer control, it will continue to be a major challenge, especially in the North and Northeast. Our results provide a baseline for public policies for both prevention and access to treatment to reduce premature mortality in Brazil. Differences in cancer patterns show the need to plan and to adapt regionally for each reality.

  • OP522 Years Of Potential Productive Life Lost Due To Cancer Premature Mortality In Brazil: 2000 to 2016

  • Luís Felipe Leite Martins, Marianna De Camargo Cancela, Leonardo Borges de Souza, Dyego Leandro Bezerra de Souza, Anton Barchuk, Arthur Correa Schilithz, Paul Hanly, Linda Sharp, Alison Pearce, Isabelle Soerjomataram
  • Journal:
    International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 36 / Issue S1 / December 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 December 2020, p. 13
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  • Introduction

    Early death from cancer is potentially preventable. In developing countries, it is not only a human tragedy but also an economic tragedy. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the estimated number of deaths for people 15–64 years in 2018 was 262,141, with Brazil being the country with the largest number of cases in the region (38.2%). The mortality rate for cancer in Brazil was 68.7/100,000. The analysis of causes impacting premature mortality is an essential function of public health surveillance. This study aims to estimate Potential Productive Life Years of Lost (YPPLL) due to cancer from 2000 to 2016, according to the region, sex and cancer site.

    Methods

    Official data from the Brazilian government were used for the period 2000–2016 for the 15–64 age group (economically active population). For each cancer death in working-age people, potential years of productive life lost (YPPLL) were calculated as the difference between pensionable age and age at death from cancer (based on the age group mid-point). The limit considered as pensionable age was 65 years for men and 60 years for women.

    Results

    The total of cancer deaths among working-age people was 61,547 in 2000 and increased to 93,551 in 2016. The correspondent YPPLL was 717,883 and 944,565, respectively (increase of 31.6%), mostly coming from males (56.8%). Highest individual YPPLL were observed in the North and Northeast and Midwest, for both sexes. The most substantial changes observed from 2000 to 2016 in total YPPLL were for colorectal cancer, which moved from sixth to the second position nationally.

    Conclusions

    The YPPLL due to cancer is increasing in Brazil and present different patterns by sex and geographic regions. While in the South and Southeast lung cancer has the highest impact among males, in the North and Northeast most YPPLL come from stomach cancer. Among females, a clear pattern is observed with breast cancer being responsible for most YPPLL excepting in the North, where cervical cancer still having a major impact compared to other tumors.

  • 20 - Diplomacy

  • from Part III - The traditional agenda: States, war and law
    • By Geoffrey Wiseman, Professor and the Director of the Asia Pacific College of Diplomacy at the Australian National University, Paul Sharp, Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Minnesota Duluth.
  • Edited by Richard Devetak, University of Queensland, Jim George, Australian National University, Canberra, Sarah Percy, University of Queensland
  • Book:
    An Introduction to International Relations
    Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    11 September 2017, pp 296-308

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This chapter makes three main arguments. First, ideas and practices of diplomacy have a multi-millennial history – much longer than is generally thought. Second, this long history has been characterised by both continuity and change. As a result, diplomacy has been as much adaptive as resistant to change. Third, diplomacy is not diminishing in importance and both it and the diplomats who carry it out should be regarded as evolving and as important to the theory and practice of international relations. To assess these claims, the chapter first addresses the issue of defining diplomacy, before examining the evolution of diplomacy in terms that may be characterised broadly as pre-modern, modern and postmodern. The relationship between diplomacy and the study of international relations (IR) is then evaluated.

  • BOX 20.1: TERMINOLOGY

  • Some definitions of diplomacy

  • Diplomacy is the application of intelligence and tact to the conduct of official relations between the governments of independent states, extending sometimes also to their relations with vassal states; or, more briefly still, the conduct of business between states by peaceful means. (Satow 1979 [1917]: 1)

  • Diplomacy is the management of international relations by negotiation; the method by which these relations are adjusted and managed by ambassadors and envoys; the business or art of the diplomatist. (Harold Nicolson 1969 [1939]: 4–5)

  • [Diplomacy is] the conduct of relations between states and other entities with standing in world politics by official agents and by peaceful means. (Bull 1977: 162)

  • Diplomacy is concerned with the management of relations between states and other actors. From a state perspective diplomacy is concerned with advising, shaping and implementing foreign policy. (Barston 1988: 1)

  • Diplomacy is the conduct of international relations by negotiation rather than by force, propaganda, or recourse to law, and by other peaceful means (such as gathering information or engendering goodwill) which are either directly or indirectly designed to promote negotiation. (Berridge 2015: 1)

  • Diplomacy is the peaceful conduct of relations amongst political entities, their principals and accredited agents. (Hamilton and Langhorne 2011: 1)

  • Diplomacy is conventionally said to refer to the processes and institutions by which states [and others with standing] represent themselves and their interests in the conduct of their relations with one another. (Sharp 2019: 1)

  • The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers

  • W. Tad Pfeffer, Anthony A. Arendt, Andrew Bliss, Tobias Bolch, J. Graham Cogley, Alex S. Gardner, Jon-Ove Hagen, Regine Hock, Georg Kaser, Christian Kienholz, Evan S. Miles, Geir Moholdt, Nico Mölg, Frank Paul, Valentina Radić, Philipp Rastner, Bruce H. Raup, Justin Rich, Martin J. Sharp, The Randolph Consortium
  • Journal:
    Journal of Glaciology / Volume 60 / Issue 221 / 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 July 2017, pp. 537-552
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  • The Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) is a globally complete collection of digital outlines of glaciers, excluding the ice sheets, developed to meet the needs of the Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for estimates of past and future mass balance. The RGI was created with limited resources in a short period. Priority was given to completeness of coverage, but a limited, uniform set of attributes is attached to each of the ~198 000 glaciers in its latest version, 3.2. Satellite imagery from 1999–2010 provided most of the outlines. Their total extent is estimated as 726 800 ± 34 000 km2. The uncertainty, about ±5%, is derived from careful single-glacier and basin-scale uncertainty estimates and comparisons with inventories that were not sources for the RGI. The main contributors to uncertainty are probably misinterpretation of seasonal snow cover and debris cover. These errors appear not to be normally distributed, and quantifying them reliably is an unsolved problem. Combined with digital elevation models, the RGI glacier outlines yield hypsometries that can be combined with atmospheric data or model outputs for analysis of the impacts of climatic change on glaciers. The RGI has already proved its value in the generation of significantly improved aggregate estimates of glacier mass changes and total volume, and thus actual and potential contributions to sea-level rise.

  • Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms

  • John C. Fuller, Jr, Rick L. Sharp, Hector F. Angus, Paul Y. Khoo, John A. Rathmacher
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 114 / Issue 9 / 14 November 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 September 2015, pp. 1403-1409
    Print publication:
    14 November 2015
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  • β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, has long been supplemented as a Ca salt (Ca-HMB) to increase strength and performance gains with exercise and to reduce recovery time. Recently, the free acid form of HMB (HMB-FA) has become commercially available in capsule form (gelcap). The current study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of HMB using the two commercially available capsule forms of HMB-FA and Ca-HMB. We also compared the pharmacokinetics of each form when administered mixed in water. Ten human subjects (five male and five female) were studied in a randomised crossover design. There was no significant sex by treatment interaction for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters measured. HMB-FA administered in capsules was more efficient than Ca-HMB capsule at HMB delivery with a 37 % increase in plasma clearance rate (74·8 (sem 4·0) v. 54·5 (sem 3·2) ml/min, P<0·0001) and a 76 % increase in peak plasma HMB concentration (270·2 (sem 17·8) v. 153·9 (sem 17·9) μmol/l, P<0·006), which was reached in one-third the time (P<0·009). When HMB-FA and Ca-HMB were administered in water, the differences still favoured HMB-FA, albeit to a lesser degree. Plasma HMB with HMB-FA administered in water was greater during the early phase of absorption (up to 45 min postadministration, P<0·05); this resulted in increased AUC during the first 60 min after administration, when compared with Ca-HMB mixed in water (P<0·03). In conclusion, HMB-FA in capsule form improves clearance rate and availability of HMB compared with Ca-HMB in capsule form.

  • 12 - Globalization and its challenge to Europe

  • Karl Gunnar Persson, University of Copenhagen, Paul Sharp, University of Southern Denmark
  • Book:
    An Economic History of Europe
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    12 March 2015, pp 256-280

  • Summary

    Globalization and the law of one price

    The hype around globalization in early-twenty-first-century political and economic debates may convey an impression that we now are in an entirely new phase of economic development. This chapter will show that the presumption is wrong. A dose of elementary economic history is often helpful when the popular media forget about the past.

    Globalization is market integration on a world scale. Market integration means that domestic markets are increasingly dependent on international markets. Prices and hence factor rewards will reflect global rather than local demand and supply conditions. Globalization is the product of intensified trade, capital mobility and migration. In that process prices, interest rates and – with a time lag – wages tend to converge and react faster to international shocks. The first wave of globalization started in the middle of the nineteenth century when barriers to trade, migration and capital mobility were abolished or weakened at the same time as the speed of information transmission increased. In most respects markets were as globalized around 1900 as they were at the beginning of the present century. In fact labour mobility across borders was less restricted before 1914 than it is now. However, there was an anti-globalization backlash early in the twentieth century with two World Wars and the Great Depression. That policy reversal affected commodity, labour and capital markets to the extent that the late-nineteenth-century globalization level was not regained until the 1970s or 1980s, when the second globalization period gained momentum.

    Market integration operates through trade and arbitrage and the ultimate manifestation of a fully integrated market is the law of one price. The law of one price proposes that the price of identical goods that are traded is the same in all geographical locations. This is strictly true, of course, only if transport and transaction costs are zero, which they are not.

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