Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors provide postemergence control of green kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.) in turfgrass and other cropping systems. A suspected resistant (R) biotype of K. brevifolia was collected from a golf course and evaluated for resistance to ALS inhibitors. In greenhouse experiments, the sulfosulfuron rates required to cause 50% shoot biomass reduction from the nontreated at 4 wk after treatment (WAT) were 10 and 792 g ai ha−1 for the susceptible (S) and R biotypes, respectively. The rates required to cause 50% injury at 4 WAT were 189 and >3,360 g ai ha−1, respectively. In other experiments, shoot mass of the R biotype was not reduced by imazaquin, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, pyrimisulfan, thiencarbazone + foramsulfuron + halosulfuron, florasulam + halauxifen-methyl, and bentazon compared with the nontreated, while sulfentrazone reduced biomass similarly for both R and S biotypes. Gene sequencing of the R biotype revealed a mutation at Asp-376-Glu that has previously conferred resistance to five families of ALS inhibitors. This is the first report of ALS-inhibitor resistance in K. brevifolia.

POST goosegrass and other grassy weed control in bermudagrass is problematic. Fewer herbicides that can control goosegrass are available due to regulatory pressure and herbicide resistance. Alternative herbicide options that offer effective control are needed. Previous research demonstrates that topramezone controls goosegrass, crabgrass, and other weed species; however, injury to bermudagrass may be unacceptable. The objective of this research was to evaluate the safening potential of topramezone combinations with different additives on bermudagrass. Field trials were conducted at Auburn University during summer and fall from 2015 to 2018 and 2017 to 2018, respectively. Treatments included topramezone mixtures and methylated seed oil applied in combination with five different additives: triclopyr, green turf pigment, green turf paint, ammonium sulfate, and chelated iron. Bermudagrass bleaching and necrosis symptoms were visually rated. Normalized-difference vegetative index measurements and clipping yield data were also collected. Topramezone plus chelated iron, as well as topramezone plus triclopyr, reduced bleaching potential the best; however, the combination of topramezone plus triclopyr resulted in necrosis that outweighed reductions in bleaching. Masking agents such as green turf paint and green turf pigment were ineffective in reducing injury when applied with topramezone. The combination of topramezone plus ammonium sulfate should be avoided because of the high level of necrosis. Topramezone-associated bleaching symptoms were transient and lasted 7 to 14 d on average. Findings from this research suggest that chelated iron added to topramezone and methylated seed oil mixtures acted as a safener on bermudagrass.

Indaziflam is an alkylazine herbicide that controls annual grasses by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis. Compared with other PRE herbicides like prodiamine, indaziflam has a longer half-life in soil (> 150 d), which may allow for greater flexibility with application timing. Research was conducted in 2010 in Tennessee and Georgia evaluating smooth crabgrass control efficacy with indaziflam applied at early PRE, PRE, and early POST timings on the basis of soil temperature. Regardless of application timing, all rates of indaziflam (35, 52.5, and 70 g ai ha−1) controlled smooth crabgrass 89 to 100%. Prodiamine at 840 g ai ha−1 applied PRE provided ≥ 99% smooth crabgrass control on all rating dates. Smooth crabgrass plant counts were significantly correlated (r = −0.961; p < 0.0001) with visual ratings of smooth crabgrass control at the end of the study. Application flexibility with indaziflam may benefit turf managers in scheduling herbicide applications for smooth crabgrass control in Tennessee and Georgia.

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US, with secondary damage following the initial insult contributing significantly to overall poor outcome. Prior investigations have shown that the metabolism of certain polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, and putrescine are elevated in ischemic parenchyma, resulting in an increase in their metabolite concentration. Polyamine metabolites tend to be cytotoxic, leading to neuronal injury in the penumbra following stroke and expansion of the area of infarcted tissue. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, the presence of reactive aldehydes produced through polyamine metabolism, such as 3-aminopropanal and acrolein, have been shown to correlate with the incidence of cerebral vasospasm, disruption of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial functioning, and disturbance of cellular calcium ion channels. Regulation of the polyamine metabolic pathway, therefore, may have the potential to limit injury following cerebral ischemia. To this end, we review this pathway in detail with an emphasis on clinical applicability.

Human cases of Q fever appear to be common in Northern Ireland compared to the rest of the British Isles. The purpose of this study was to describe the seroepidemiology of Coxiella burnetii infection in cattle in Northern Ireland in terms of seroprevalence and determinants of infection. A total of 5182 animals (from a stratified systematic random sample of 273 herds) were tested with a commercial C. burnetii phase 2 IgG ELISA. A total of 6·2% of animals and 48·4% of herds tested positively. Results from a multilevel logistic regression model indicated that the odds of cattle being infected with Q fever increased with age, Friesian breed, being from large herds and from dairy herds. Large dairy herd animal prevalence was 12·5% compared to 2·1% for small beef herds. Preliminary seroprevalence in sheep (12·3%), goats (9·3%), pigs (0%) rats (9·7%) and mice (3·2%) using indirect immunofluorescence is reported.

Background. We tested the hypotheses that the addition of medication to psychotherapy enhances participation in the latter by: (1) speeding the acquisition of the psychotherapy's targeted skill; and (2) facilitating higher skill level acquisition.

Method. Participants were 431 chronically depressed patients who received Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), alone (N=214) or in combination with nefazodone (N=217), as part of a randomized chronic depression study (Keller et al. 2000). CBASP, developed specifically to treat chronic depression, uses a specific procedure, ‘situational analysis’ to help patients engage in more effective goal-oriented interpersonal behaviours. At the end of each session, therapists rated patients on their performance of situational analysis. Outcome on depressive symptoms was assessed with the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.

Results. Although reductions in depression were significantly greater in combined treatment compared to CBASP alone, there were no between-group differences in either the rate of skill acquisition or overall skill level at the end of treatment. Proficiency in the use of the main skill taught in psychotherapy at treatment midpoint predicted outcome independently of medication status and of baseline depressive severity.

Conclusions. Effective participation in CBASP, as reflected by proficiency in the compensatory skill taught in psychotherapy, is not enhanced by the addition of medication and does not mediate the between-group difference in depression outcome.

We have presented new observations of the ionized gas, molecular gas and cool dust in the Helix nebula (NGC 7293). The ionized gas is observed in the form of a Hα image, which is constructed using images from the Southern H-Alpha Sky Survey Atlas (SHASSA). The molecular emission was mapped using the H2v = 1 → 0 s(1) line at 2.122μm. The far-infrared (FIR) observations were obtained using ISOPHOT on the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO).

This paper describes a two-part study evaluating the use of growth hormone (GH) response to infusions of somatostatin (SRIF) and GH-releasing factor (GRF) as an indicator of genetic merit in dairy cattle. The first part of the study involved the development of a standard test procedure. This was achieved in two sub-trials, the first testing three SRIF doses, 0·6, 3·0 and 15 µg/kg per h, given over an infusion length of 3 h. The second involved infusing 3·0 μg/kg per h SRIF for either 20 min, 1 h or 3 h. The GH response was measured in serum during the infusion and for 2 h following cessation, during which time a rebound response in GH occurred. As a consequence of these trials, a total of 40 British Friesian calves from two lines genetically divergent for yield traits were infused with 3·0 μg/kg per h for a period of 1 h and at the end of the infusion given 0·1 μg/kg GRF. Five hours later, GRF was administered without SRIF. The protocol was repeated on 2 days consecutively. Results suggested that calves of high merit had lower SRIF-induced baselines than their low-line contemporaries. There were no differences in the GH concentrations immediately following GRF administration, either with or without SRIF. The results from this trial, together with previously published work, indicated that calves selected for high milk fat plus milk protein production may be more sensitive to SRIF such that GH is regulated by lower concentrations of SRIF. However, the practical use of GH response to SRIF as an indicator of genetic merit for dairy cattle may be limited because of logistical difficulties in implementation.

The growth of high-quality single crystal GaAs on Si wafers up to six inches in diameter by organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD) is reported. These wafers have specular surfaces, excellent thickness uniformity, and are shown to have properties comparable to those of smaller diameter GaAs on Si wafers. The mechanical and electrical properties of the six inch GaAs on Si wafers are shown to be suitable for GaAs device fabrication.

GaAs epitaxial layers grown on Si substrates up to 4 inches in diameter by OMCVD are characterized with respect to the materials parameters important for their application for device and circuit manufacturing. The layers are characterized using commercial flatness and surface quality measurement instrumentation, x-ray diffraction, Schottky diode characteristics, and photoluminescence. The 4-inch diameter GaAs epilayers are a singleoriented phase and are of comparable quality to GaAs epilayers grown on smaller diameter Si substrates.