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7 results

  • 27 - Representations of the Poison Gas War on the Eastern Front, 1915–1917

  • from Part IV - Premonitions
  • Edited by Ned Blackhawk, Yale University, Connecticut, Ben Kiernan, Yale University, Connecticut, Benjamin Madley, University of California, Los Angeles, Rebe Taylor, University of Tasmania
  • General editor Ben Kiernan, Yale University, Connecticut
  • Book:
    The Cambridge World History of Genocide
    Published online:
    23 June 2023
    Print publication:
    04 May 2023, pp 657-680

  • Summary

    This chapter takes up a half-forgotten novel fragment of 1941-2 by André Malraux based on first-hand accounts from the 1914 War, as well as two, neglected photographs of targeted civilian casualties of poison gas made in a Macedonian town in 1917 by the German Jewish criminologist R. A. Reiss. It moves beyond conventional archives to uncover complex histories, interweaving cultural artifacts with archival material to represent at two distinct moments the experimental poison gas war on the eastern front. Prussic acid -- by 1917, the base for an early form of Zyklon – provides the constant in these episodes. Eastern Europe, an area historically associated with colonialism and post-colonialism, furnished the choice terrain in 1915-17 of poison gas warfare, and so, premonitions of a Nazi continental imperialism which relied on gas, a weapon designed for colonial use, to enforce racial hierarchies. These cultural artifacts –Malraux’s Bolimów/Bolgako and Reiss’s Monástir -- map the head of the “Zyklon trail,” in Lemkin’s phrase. The experimental poison gas war on the eastern front substitutes premonitory vistas for the classic, western battlescapes of Wilfred Owen’s poetry by redrawing the templates and boundaries of the developmental logic of Nazi “scientific violence” amidst occupation, subjugation, and ethnic/racial warfare.

  • Association between lean muscle mass and treatment-resistant late-life depression in the IRL-GRey randomized controlled trial

  • Nicholas J. Ainsworth, Ram Brender, Neta Gotlieb, Haoyu Zhao, Daniel M. Blumberger, Jordan F. Karp, Eric J. Lenze, Ginger E. Nicol, Charles F. Reynolds, Wei Wang, Benoit H. Mulsant
  • Journal:
    International Psychogeriatrics , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 January 2023, pp. 1-10
  • Objective:

    To investigate the relationship between lean muscle mass and treatment response in treatment-resistant late-life depression (TR-LLD). We hypothesized that lower lean muscle mass would be associated with older age, higher physical comorbidities, higher depressive symptom severity, and poorer treatment response.

    Design:

    Secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

    Setting:

    Three academic hospitals in the United States and Canada.

    Participants:

    Adults aged 60+ years with major depressive disorder who did not remit following open treatment with venlafaxine extended-release (XR) (n = 178).

    Measurements:

    We estimated lean muscle mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans prior to and following randomized treatment with aripiprazole or placebo added to venlafaxine XR. Multivariate regressions estimated influence of demographic and clinical factors on baseline lean muscle mass, and whether baseline lean muscle mass was associated with treatment response, adjusted for treatment arm.

    Results:

    Low lean muscle mass was present in 22 (12.4%) participants. Older age and female sex, but not depressive symptom severity, were independently associated with lower lean muscle mass at baseline. Marital status, baseline depressive symptom severity, and treatment group were associated with improvement of depressive symptoms in the randomized treatment phase. Baseline lean muscle mass was not associated with improvement, regardless of treatment group.

    Conclusion:

    As expected, older age and female sex were associated with lower lean muscle mass in TR-LLD. However, contrary to prior results in LLD, lean muscle mass was not associated with depression severity or outcome. This suggests that aripiprazole augmentation may be useful for TR-LLD, even in the presence of anomalous body composition.

    clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00892047.

  • Efficacy of a transdiagnostic, prevention-focused program for at-risk young adults: a waitlist-controlled trial

  • Nicole R. DeTore, Lauren Luther, Wisteria Deng, Jordan Zimmerman, Logan Leathem, Anne S. Burke, Maren B. Nyer, Daphne J. Holt
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 8 / June 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 March 2022, pp. 3490-3499
    Print publication:
    June 2023
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • Background

    Prevention programs that are ‘transdiagnostic’ may be more cost-effective and beneficial, in terms of reducing levels of psychopathology in the general population, than those focused on a specific disorder. This randomized controlled study evaluated the efficacy of one such intervention program called Resilience Training (RT).

    Methods

    College students who reported mildly elevated depressive or subclinical psychotic symptoms (‘psychotic experiences' (PEs)) (n = 107) were randomized to receiving RT (n = 54) or to a waitlist control condition (n = 53). RT consists of a four-session intervention focused on improving resilience through the acquisition of mindfulness, self-compassion, and mentalization skills. Measures of symptoms and these resilience-enhancing skills were collected before and after the 4-week RT/waitlist period, with a follow-up assessment 12-months later.

    Results

    Compared to the waitlist control group, RT participants reported significantly greater reductions in PEs, distress associated with PEs, depression, and anxiety, as well as significantly greater improvements in resilience, mindfulness, self-compassion, and positive affect, following the 4-week RT/waitlist period (all p < 0.03). Moreover, improvements in resilience-promoting skills were significantly correlated with symptom reductions (all p < 0.05). Lastly, the RT-related reductions in PEs and associated distress were maintained at the 12-month follow-up assessment.

    Conclusions

    RT is a brief, group-based intervention associated with improved resilience and reduced symptoms of psychopathology, with sustained effects on PEs, in transdiagnostically at-risk young adults. Follow-up studies can further assess the efficacy of RT relative to other interventions and test whether it can reduce the likelihood of developing a serious mental illness.

  • Life-history tradeoffs in a historical population (1896–1939) undergoing rapid fertility decline: Costs of reproduction?

  • Adrian V. Jaeggi, Jordan S. Martin, Joël Floris, Nicole Bender, Martin Haeusler, Rebecca Sear, Kaspar Staub
  • Journal:
    Evolutionary Human Sciences / Volume 4 / 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 February 2022, e7
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • Evolutionary demographers often invoke tradeoffs between reproduction and survival to explain reductions in fertility during demographic transitions. The evidence for such tradeoffs in humans has been mixed, partly because tradeoffs may be masked by individual differences in quality or access to resources. Unmasking tradeoffs despite such phenotypic correlations requires sophisticated statistical analyses that account for endogeneity among variables and individual differences in access to resources. Here we tested for costs of reproduction using N = 13,663 birth records from the maternity hospital in Basel, Switzerland, 1896–1939, a period characterised by rapid fertility declines. We predicted that higher parity is associated with worse maternal and offspring condition at the time of birth, adjusting for age and a variety of covariates. We used Bayesian multivariate, multilevel models to simultaneously analyse multiple related outcomes while accounting for endogeneity, appropriately modelling non-linear effects, dealing with hierarchical data structures, and effectively imputing missing data. Despite all these efforts, we found virtually no evidence for costs of reproduction. Instead, women with better access to resources had fewer children. Barring limitations of the data, these results are consistent with demographic transitions reflecting women's investment in their own embodied capital and/or the adoption of maladaptive low-fertility norms by elites.