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This is the first study to provide both a systematic assessment of the ways by which the dispute settlement bodies of the United Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) contribute to the development of the law of the sea and an exposition of the factors that explain such contribution. The book analyses UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies' decisions and the legal reasoning in key areas of the law of the sea. It further examines the factors that impact the decision-making process of UNCLOS tribunals to explain the parameters within which UNCLOS tribunals operate and how this impacts their ability and willingness to develop the law. The book provides a unique reference point for lecturers, researchers and students of international law, particularly law of the sea, as well as practitioners and government advisors who wish to gain comprehensive insights into the functioning and the role of the UNCLOS dispute settlement system.
The current utilization of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a diagnostic context is discussed. The modern facility requirements, the various roles IHC is tasked with and the key concept of standardization are covered. Common terminologies are addressed and explained within an IHC context. The terms 'validation' and 'verification' provide one example of words which may cause confusion. The present status in terms of protocol set-up, antibody clones and epitope retrieval are offered to emphasize current best practice. A treatise is given concerning IHC’s special relationship with emerging molecular technologies and how these two analytical devices are shaping diagnoses and treatment strategies for patients. Specific examples are taken from melanoma, breast, lung and bowel cancers. The reader should be able to ascertain the role of IHC in today’s pathology laboratories.
This chapter is written for the researcher who may encounter immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a slightly different context when compared to diagnostic applications. There are many moving parts to IHC assays, and this chapter covers all of the important aspects the researcher needs to consider when employing IHC for their projects. This objective is achieved by employing a request form for IHC services. The questions posed on the form build towards piecing together a protocol that is fit for purpose and can be used in many applications. Practical explanations about epitope retrieval, diluting antibodies from concentrates and the use of detection kits are provided. The need to block endogenous enzyme activity is also explained, as is the technique for antibody optimization. Borrowing the basic fundamental IHC protocol used in diagnostic histopathology, the researcher should be able to adopt and change parameters to suit their research applications.
Antibiotic stewardship initiatives usually occur in the inpatient setting and should be optimized during transitions of care. In this study, we assessed the appropriateness of oral antibiotic treatment duration at the time of discharge from our institution based on national guidelines and clinical parameters for common infections.
To examine the association between red/processed meat consumption and glycaemic conditions (i.e., prediabetes [preDM] and DM) among middle-aged residents in rural Khánh Hòa, Vietnam.
Design:
In this cross-sectional study, a multinomial regression model was used to examine the association between daily consumption of red/processed meat (0-99 g, 100-199 g, or ≥ 200 g) and preDM/DM with adjustments for sociodemographic, lifestyle-related, and health-related variables.
Setting:
Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam
Participants:
The study used data collected through a baseline survey conducted during a prospective cohort study on cardiovascular diseases among 3000 residents, aged 40-60 years, living in rural communes in Khánh Hòa Province.
Results:
The multinomial regression model revealed that the prevalence ratios (PRs) for DM were 1.00 (reference), 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-1.62), and 1.80 (95% CI = 1.40-2.32) from the lowest to the highest red/processed meat consumption categories (p trend = 0.006). The corresponding values for preDM were 1.00 (reference), 1.25 (95% CI = 1.01-1.54), and 1.67 (95% CI = 1.20-2.33) (p trend = 0.004). We did not find any evidence of statistical significance in relation to poultry consumption.
Conclusion:
Increased red/processed meat consumption, but not poultry consumption, was positively associated with the prevalence of preDM/DM in rural communes in Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam. Dietary recommendations involving a reduction in red/processed meat consumption should be considered in LMICs.