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3 results

  • Epidemiology and Healthcare Costs of Incident Clostridium difficile Infections Identified in the Outpatient Healthcare Setting

  • Jennifer L. Kuntz, Eric S. Johnson, Marsha A. Raebel, Amanda F. Petrik, Xiuhai Yang, Micah L. Thorp, Steven J. Spindel, Nancy Neil, David H. Smith
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 33 / Issue 10 / October 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2015, pp. 1031-1038
    Print publication:
    October 2012
  • Objective.

    To describe the epidemiology and healthcare costs of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) identified in the outpatient setting.

    Design.

    Population-based, retrospective cohort study.

    Patients.

    Kaiser Permanente Colorado and Kaiser Permanente Northwest members between June 1, 2005, and September 30, 2008.

    Methods.

    We identified persons with incident CDI and classified CDI by whether it was identified in the outpatient or inpatient healthcare setting. We collected information about baseline variables and follow-up healthcare utilization, costs, and outcomes among patients with CDI. We compared characteristics of patients with CDI identified in the outpatient versus inpatient setting.

    Results.

    We identified 3,067 incident CDIs; 56% were identified in the outpatient setting. Few strong, independent predictors of diagnostic setting were identified, although a previous stay in a nonacute healthcare institution (odds ratio [OR], 1.45 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13-1.86]) was statistically associated with outpatient-identified CDI, as was age from 50 to 59 years (OR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.18-2.29]), 60 to 69 years (OR, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.03-1.82]), and 70 to 79 years (OR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.06-1.74]), when compared with persons aged 80-89 years.

    Conclusions.

    We found that more than one-half of incident CDIs in this population were identified in the outpatient setting. Patients with outpatient-identified CDI were younger with fewer comorbidities, although they frequently had previous exposure to healthcare. These data suggest that practitioners should be aware of CDI and obtain appropriate diagnostic testing on outpatients with CDI symptoms.

    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(10):1031-1038

  • Chapter 6 - Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and acquired central nervous system demyelinating disorders in children and adolescents

  • from Section 1 - Pediatric MS Diagnosis
  • Edited by Dorothée Chabas, University of California, San Francisco, Emmanuelle L. Waubant, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book:
    Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System in Childhood
    Published online:
    11 April 2011
    Print publication:
    17 March 2011, pp 58-74

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews the spectrum of inflammatory, infectious, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders that can overlap or simulate the phenotype of demyelinating disorders in children, including its relapsing-remitting nature. Careful clinical documentation, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing and neuroimaging will likely provide the diagnostic specificity desired to differentiate between acquired demyelinating disorders of the CNS in children and the other disorders. Careful but preliminary studies looking at MRI characteristics are attempting to identify reliable findings to differentiate between pediatric multiple sclerosis and other, clinically relapsing neurologic disorders. Validation of these early findings as well as studies to define additional risk factors, clinical features and biomarkers are needed to further improve our ability to recognize acquired CNS demyelinating disease and to differentiate it from other types of CNS lesions in children. Newer imaging modalities such as diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer ratios, and volumetric analysis will likely play a future role.