Adaptive management studies of invasive plants on non-agricultural lands typically employ an empirical approach based on designed field experiments that permit rigorous statistical analysis of results to quantify outcomes and assess the efficacy of management practices. When habitat restoration is the primary goal of a project, traditional plot-based study designs (e.g., the randomized complete-block design) are sometimes infeasible (this is often true in aquatic habitats) or inappropriate (e.g., when the goal is to assess effects of management practices on survival or resprouting of individual plants, such as trees or shrubs). Moreover, the assumptions of distribution-specific parametric statistical methods such as ANOVA often cannot be convincingly verified or are clearly untenable when properly assessed. For these reasons, it is worthwhile to be aware of alternative study designs that do not employ plots as experimental units and nonparametric statistical methods that require only weak distributional assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to review several of these alternative study designs and nonparametric statistical methods that we have found useful in our own studies of invasive aquatic and terrestrial plants. We motivate each statistical method by a research question it is well suited to answer, provide corresponding references to the statistical literature, and identify at least one R function that implements the method. In the Supplementary Material, we present additional technical information about the statistical methods, numerical examples with data, and a set of complete R programs to illustrate application of the statistical methods.

The crystal structure of cariprazine dihydrochloride has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Cariprazine dihydrochloride crystallizes in space group P21/n (#14) with a = 27.26430(14), b = 7.29241(1), c = 12.80879(4) Å, β = 99.5963(2)°, V = 2511.038(8) Å3, and Z = 4 at 295 K. The crystal structure consists of layers of cations parallel to the bc-plane. The cations stack along the b-axis. Each H atom on the two protonated N atoms participates in a discrete N–H⋯Cl hydrogen bond. One Cl anion acts as an acceptor in two of these bonds, while the other Cl is an acceptor in only one bond. The result is to link the cations and anions into columns parallel to the b-axis. The powder pattern has been submitted to the ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).

In this retrospective cohort study of military trainees, symptomatic-only coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) arrival antigen testing decreased isolation requirements without increasing secondary cases compared to universal antigen testing. Symptomatic-only arrival antigen testing is a feasible alternative for individuals entering a congregant setting with a high risk of COVID-19 transmission.

The crystal structure of benserazide hydrochloride Form I has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Benserazide hydrochloride Form I crystallizes in space group P21/n (#14) with a = 19.22983(15), b = 14.45066(10), c = 4.57982(2) Å, β = 93.6935(3), V = 1270.014(15) Å3, and Z = 4 at 295 K. The crystal structure contains pairs of hydrogen-bonded benserazide cations, which are hydrogen bonded to chloride anions, resulting in chains along the c-axis. In addition, O–H⋯Cl, N–H⋯O, O–H⋯N, and O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions into a three-dimensional framework. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD® for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).

A proposed crystal structure of lifitegrast Form A has been derived using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Lifitegrast sesquihydrate Form A crystallizes in space group P21 (#4) with a = 18.2526(4), b = 5.15219(6), c = 30.1962(6) Å, β = 90.8670(19), V = 2839.35(7) Å3, and Z = 4 at 295 K. The crystal structure consists of discrete lifitegrast molecules linked by hydrogen bonds among carboxylic acid groups, carbonyl groups, and water molecules into a three-dimensional framework. The water molecules occur in clusters. Each water molecule acts as a donor in two O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and as an acceptor. One water molecule acts as an acceptor in a water–water O–H⋯O hydrogen bond, and all three water molecules are acceptors in C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Each carboxylic acid group acts as a donor in a strong discrete O–H⋯O hydrogen bond; one to a water molecule and the other to a carbonyl group. The amino groups both form N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds to carbonyl groups. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD® for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).

The crystal structure of decoquinate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Decoquinate crystallizes in space group P21/n (#14) with a = 46.8261(5), b = 12.94937(12), c = 7.65745(10) Å, β = 91.972(1), V = 4640.48(7) Å3, and Z = 8 at 295 K. The crystal structure consists of alternating layers of hydrocarbon chains and ring systems along the a-axis. Hydrogen bonds link the ring systems along the b-axis. The rings stack along the c-axis. The two independent decoquinate molecules have very different conformations, one of which is typical and the other has an unusual orientation of the decyl chain with respect to the hydroxyquinoline ring system, facilitating chain packing. The powder pattern has been submitted to the ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).

The crystal structure of gepirone has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Gepirone crystallizes in space group P21/a (#14) with a = 16.81794(14), b = 11.71959(5), c = 10.10195(4) Å, β = 95.7012(5)°, V = 1981.239(14) Å3, and Z = 4 at 298 K. The crystal structure consists of discrete gepirone molecules. There are no classical hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure, but several intra- and intermolecular C–H⋯N and C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds contribute to the lattice energy. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD® for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).

Although land loss is among the most profound impacts that settler colonialism had for Indigenous societies across North America, archaeologists rarely study one of the principal colonial mechanisms of land dispossession: allotment. This process forever altered the course of North American history, breaking up collectively held Indigenous lands into lots “owned” by individuals and families while further stressing local Indigenous subsistence patterns, social relations, political organization, and more. Archaeology's long-term, material, and sometimes collaborative vantage stands to offer insights on this process and how it played out for Indigenous peoples in different times and places. As its case study, this article considers the allotment of Mohegan lands in southeastern Connecticut (USA). An archaeology of Mohegan allotment speaks to more than land loss and cultural change. It provides evidence of an enduring and long-term Indigenous presence on the land; of the challenges faced and overcome by Mohegan peoples living through, and with, settler colonialism; and of the nuances of Indigenous-colonial archaeological records. This study also shows the importance of Indigenous and collaborative archaeologies for shedding new light on these challenging but important archaeological traces.

In a “mixed bag” 2023-2024 session, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a series of decisions both favorable and antithetical to public health and safety. Taking on tough constitutional issues implicating gun control, misinformation, and homelessness, the Court also avoided substantive reviews in favor of procedural dismissals in key cases involving reproductive rights and government censorship.

The crystal structure of acalabrutinib dihydrate Form III has been refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Acalabrutinib dihydrate Form III crystallizes in space group P21 (#4) with a = 8.38117(5), b = 21.16085(14), c = 14.12494(16) Å, β = 94.5343(6)°, V = 2497.256(20) Å3, and Z = 4 (Z′ = 2) at 295 K. The crystal structure consists of herringbone layers parallel to the ac-plane. Hydrogen bonds between the acalabrutinib and water molecules generate a three-dimensional framework. Each water molecule acts as a donor in two hydrogen bonds and as an acceptor in at least one hydrogen bond. Amino groups and pyridine N atoms link the acalabrutinib molecules into dimers. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).

The crystal structure of ribociclib hydrogen succinate (commonly referred to as ribociclib succinate) has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Ribociclib hydrogen succinate crystallizes in space group P-1 (#2) with a = 6.52215(4), b = 12.67120(16), c = 18.16978(33) Å, α = 74.0855(8), β = 82.0814(4), γ = 88.6943(1)°, V = 1430.112(6) Å3, and Z = 2 at 295 K. The crystal structure consists of alternating layers of cations and anions parallel to the ab-plane. The protonated N in each ribociclib cation acts as a donor in two strong N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds to two different succinate anions. Strong O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the hydrogen succinate anions into chains parallel to the a-axis. N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the cations into dimers, with a graph set R2,2(8). The result is a three-dimensional hydrogen bond network. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®)

Few studies have examined the genetic population structure of vector-borne microparasites in wildlife, making it unclear how much these systems can reveal about the movement of their associated hosts. This study examined the complex host–vector–microbe interactions in a system of bats, wingless ectoparasitic bat flies (Nycteribiidae), vector-borne microparasitic bacteria (Bartonella) and bacterial endosymbionts of flies (Enterobacterales) across an island chain in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa. Limited population structure was found in bat flies and Enterobacterales symbionts compared to that of their hosts. Significant isolation by distance was observed in the dissimilarity of Bartonella communities detected in flies from sampled populations of Eidolon helvum bats. These patterns indicate that, while genetic dispersal of bats between islands is limited, some non-reproductive movements may lead to the dispersal of ectoparasites and associated microbes. This study deepens our knowledge of the phylogeography of African fruit bats, their ectoparasites and associated bacteria. The results presented could inform models of pathogen transmission in these bat populations and increase our theoretical understanding of community ecology in host–microbe systems.

The crystal structure of alectinib hydrochloride has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Alectinib hydrochloride crystallizes in space group P21/n (#14) with the following parameters: a = 12.67477(7), b = 10.44076(5), c = 20.38501(12) Å, β = 93.1438(7)°, V = 2693.574(18) Å3, and Z = 4 at 295 K. The crystal structure consists of stacks of molecules along the b-axis, and the stacks contain chains of strong N–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. One density functional theory calculation moved a proton from an N atom to the Cl, but another calculation yielded a more chemically reasonable result. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®)