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12 results

  • Chapter 18 - Uterine septum
  • from Section 2: - Ultrasonography in infertility
  • Edited by Botros R. M. B. Rizk, University of South Alabama
  • Book: Ultrasonography in Reproductive Medicine and Infertility
  • Published online: 07 September 2011
  • Print publication: 25 March 2010, pp 141-154
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound technologies are beneficial in some applications of obstetrics and gynecology and may aid in the evaluation of abnormal ovaries. Although the diagnostic criteria of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) do not include 3D imaging, Allemand performed a study establishing the diagnostic threshold for 3D Ultrasonography of PCOS. The administration of gonadotropins for both insemination cycles as well as in-vitro fertilization cycles relies upon the use of serial real-time ultrasound examinations. In clinical practice, TV ultrasound monitoring during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) is performed to improve safety and precise monitoring of ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation. PCOS patients have an increased number of preantral follicles; hence, close monitoring for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is essential. 3D ultrasound is a new imaging modality that improves the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound. Recent advances in 3D ultrasound have the potential to better our understanding of follicular development, ovulation, and uterine receptivity.
  • Chapter 29 - Ultrasonography-guided embryo transfer:
  • from Section 3: - Ultrasonography in assisted reproduction
  • Edited by Botros R. M. B. Rizk, University of South Alabama
  • Book: Ultrasonography in Reproductive Medicine and Infertility
  • Published online: 07 September 2011
  • Print publication: 25 March 2010, pp 234-250
  • View abstract

    Summary

    The classic candidate for a transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) evaluation has semen analysis findings consistent with complete distal ejaculatory obstruction, including low ejaculate volume (usually less than 1.5 ml), azoospermia, low pH (less than7), and absence of fructose. In most cases, TRUS can be performed as an outpatient procedure without the need for anesthesia. In order to understand the normal and pathological appearance of the ejaculatory structures on TRUS, it is important to appreciate their anatomic relationships and embryological origins. Traditionally, vasography after vasopuncture was used to evaluate the patency of the ejaculatory ducts. The types of pathologies found on a TRUS evaluation include agenesis or hypoplasia of urogenital structures, cysts, dilatations, calcifications, and stones. Distal ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) is strongly suspected in case of azoospermia in which TRUS reveals dilated seminal vesicles with an anteroposterior length greater than 15 mm, or ejaculatory ducts with diameter greater than 2.3 mm.
  • Chapter 31 - Ectopic pregnancy
  • from Section 4: - Early pregnancy after infertility treatment
  • Edited by Botros R. M. B. Rizk, University of South Alabama
  • Book: Ultrasonography in Reproductive Medicine and Infertility
  • Published online: 07 September 2011
  • Print publication: 25 March 2010, pp 259-270
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Adenomyosis is a common disorder in the gynecologic population that consists of the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium. Adenomyosis is associated with chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and feelings of pressure low in the pelvis due to uterine enlargement. Infection of the pelvis causes pain by several different mechanisms: pelvic inflammatory disease, puerperal infections, postoperative gynecologic surgery, and abortion-related infections. Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is a pelvic pain syndrome caused by retrograde flow in an incompetent ovarian vein. Symptoms associated with PCS include a shifting location of pain, deep dyspareunia, and postcoital pain, with exacerbation of symptoms after prolonged standing. Ultrasound is a very useful tool for evaluating chronic pelvic pain sufferers. Patients have better satisfaction due to their understanding of their pain, with a goal of better productivity and return to normal function.
  • 13 - Operative Hysteroscopy for Uterine Septum
  • from PART II - INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
  • Edited by Botros R. M. B. Rizk, University of South Alabama, Juan A. Garcia-Velasco, Hassan N. Sallam, Antonis Makrigiannakis, University of Crete
  • Book: Infertility and Assisted Reproduction
  • Published online: 04 August 2010
  • Print publication: 15 September 2008, pp 115-131
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the reproductive problems that could be associated with uterine septum. The classification of uterine anomalies divides the uterine septum into complete (septate) or partial (subseptate) groups, according to whether the septum approaches the internal os or not, respectively. Although surgery (hysteroscopy, alone or with laparoscopy) constitutes the gold standard for the diagnosis of uterine septum, various imaging tools including hysterosalpingography (HSG), ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have great value in the diagnosis with high level of accuracy. The hysteroscopic approach for surgical resection of uterine septum is a safe and effective approach. While generally it is an operator preference whether to utilize ablative energy, for example, electrical diathermy or laser, or to utilize sharp scissors without energy, the outcome of treatment is comparable as regards complication and reproductive performance after surgery.