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76 results

Page 1 of 4

  • Building Criminal Authority: A Comparative Analysis of Drug Gangs in Rio de Janeiro and Recife

  • Michael Jerome Wolff
  • Journal:
    Latin American Politics and Society / Volume 57 / Issue 2 / Summer 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 21-40

  • Why do drug gangs develop sophisticated authority functions in some places and not in others? Comparing two Brazilian cities, Rio de Janeiro and Recife, this article argues that territorially embedded informal authority structures from earlier times, coupled with sporadic and extremely violent policing, encouraged drug gangs in Rio de Janeiro to develop authoritative functions and residents to acquiesce to them. In Recife, by contrast, drug gangs inherited diffuse and territorially independent authority structures and confronted a much less lethally violent police force. Consequently, they failed to find common cause with local residents, and their organizational development was truncated.

Multilingualism and Intercultural Communication

  • Adult disinhibited social engagement in adoptees exposed to extreme institutional deprivation: examination of its clinical status and functional impact

  • Mark Kennedy, Jana Kreppner, Nicky Knights, Robert Kumsta, Barbara Maughan, Dennis Golm, Jonathan Hill, Michael Rutter, Wolff Schlotz, Edmund Sonuga-Barke
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 211 / Issue 5 / November 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 289-295
    Print publication:
    November 2017
    • Article
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  • Background

    Early-life institutional deprivation produces disinhibited social engagement (DSE). Portrayed as a childhood condition, little is known about the persistence of DSE-type behaviours into, presentation during, and their impact on, functioning in adulthood.

    Aims

    We examine these issues in the young adult follow-up of the English and Romanian Adoptees study.

    Method

    A total of 122 of the original 165 Romanian adoptees who had spent up to 43 months as children in Ceauşescu's Romanian orphanages and 42 UK adoptees were assessed for DSE behaviours, neurodevelopmental and mental health problems, and impairment between ages 2 and 25 years.

    Results

    Young adult DSE behaviour was strongly associated with early childhood deprivation, with a sixfold increase for those who spent more than 6 months in institutions. However, although DSE overlapped with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms it was not, in itself, related to broader patterns of mental health problems or impairments in daily functioning in young adulthood.

    Conclusions

    DSE behaviour remained a prominent, but largely clinically benign, young adult feature of some adoptees who experienced early deprivation.

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