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60 results

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  • Meltwater drainage and iceberg calving observed in high-spatiotemporal resolution at Helheim Glacier, Greenland

  • Sierra M. Melton, Richard B. Alley, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Byron R. Parizek, Michael G. Shahin, Leigh A. Stearns, Adam L. LeWinter, David C. Finnegan
  • Journal: Journal of Glaciology / Volume 68 / Issue 270 / August 2022
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 January 2022, pp. 812-828
  • Print publication: August 2022
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  • Marine-terminating glaciers lose mass through melting and iceberg calving, and we find that meltwater drainage systems influence calving timing at Helheim Glacier, a tidewater glacier in East Greenland. Meltwater feeds a buoyant subglacial discharge plume at the terminus of Helheim Glacier, which rises along the glacial front and surfaces through the mélange. Here, we use high-resolution satellite and time-lapse imagery to observe the surface expression of this meltwater plume and how plume timing and location compare with that of calving and supraglacial meltwater pooling from 2011 to 2019. The plume consistently appeared at the central terminus even as the glacier advanced and retreated, fed by a well-established channelized drainage system with connections to supraglacial water. All full-thickness calving episodes, both tabular and non-tabular, were separated from the surfacing plume by either time or by space. We hypothesize that variability in subglacial hydrology and basal coupling drive this inverse relationship between subglacial discharge plumes and full-thickness calving. Surfacing plumes likely indicate a low-pressure subglacial drainage system and grounded terminus, while full-thickness calving occurrence reflects a terminus at or close to flotation. Our records of plume appearance and full-thickness calving therefore represent proxies for the grounding state of Helheim Glacier through time.

  • Systematic observation of healthy eating environments in after-school services: a cross-sectional study

  • Ruth K Crowe, Yasmine Probst, R Glenn Weaver, Michael W Beets, Byron Kemp, Rebecca M Stanley, Anthony D Okely
  • Journal: Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 18 / December 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2021, pp. 6067-6074
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  • Objectives:

    Few studies have examined the healthy eating environments within the Australian out of school hours care (OSHC) setting. This study aims to describe healthy eating environments, consisting of: (a) the alignment of provided food and beverages to Australian Dietary Guidelines; (b) healthy eating promotion practices; (c) nutrition education through cooking experiences; (d) staff role modelling healthy eating and (e) regular water availability.

    Design:

    A cross-sectional study was conducted using direct observations and the validated System for Observing Staff Promotion of Activity and Nutrition (SOSPAN) tool.

    Setting:

    OSHC located in urban and semi-rural regions of NSW, Australia.

    Participants:

    Staff (151) and children (1549) attending twelve OSHC services operating in the hours after school.

    Results:

    Fifty per cent (50 %) of services offered fruits and 100 % offered water as a part of the afternoon snack on all four observation days. Discretionary foods were offered on more days compared to vegetables (+1·9/d, P = 0·009), lean meats (+2·7/d, P =·0 004) and wholegrains (+2·8/d, P = 0 002). Staff promoted healthy eating on 15 % of days, sat and ate with children 52 %, consumed high sugar drinks 15 % and ate discretionary foods in front of children 8 % of days, respectively. No opportunities for cooking or nutrition education were observed.

    Conclusion:

    Afternoon snacks regularly contained fruits and water. Opportunities exist to improve the frequency by which vegetables, wholegrains and lean meats are offered in addition to staff healthy eating promotion behaviours. Future research is warranted to further explore healthy eating behaviours, practices and policies within the after-school sector.

  • 1 - Introduction to Methods and Assessment in Culture and Psychology

  • Edited by Michael Bender, Universiteit van Tilburg, The Netherlands, Byron G. Adams, Universiteit van Tilburg, The Netherlands
  • Book: Methods and Assessment in Culture and Psychology
  • Published online: 21 January 2021
  • Print publication: 18 February 2021, pp 1-14

  • Summary

    While developments in research on culture in psychology have come a long way in the last decades, they have only slowly found their way into the mainstream areas of psychology and have not yet been comprehensively adopted. Increasingly, incoming editors of peer-reviewed journals call for culturally informed samples and research questions (e.g., see the editorials of JPSP by Cooper, 2016; Kawakami, 2015; Kitayama, 2017, as prominent examples). The continuing absence of culture is often due to the (tacit) general belief that psychological processes transcend cultural populations and that the inclusion of culture would “muddy the waters.” However, looking back at psychological research, there are numerous examples where hostile, erroneous, yet far-reaching generalizations were made about differences between cultural groups. For instance, Western conceptualizations of intelligence are focused on academic, scholastic intelligence.

  • 5 - Acculturation and Diversity Management at Work: The Case of Multicultural South Africa

  • from Part 1 - Acculturation and Identity
  • Edited by Michael Bender, Universiteit van Tilburg, The Netherlands, Byron G. Adams, Universiteit van Tilburg, The Netherlands
  • Book: Methods and Assessment in Culture and Psychology
  • Published online: 21 January 2021
  • Print publication: 18 February 2021, pp 78-100

  • Summary

    Globally, organizations are becoming increasingly more diverse. In Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) contexts, this is often the consequence of globalization and increased migration. For plural, non-WEIRD contexts such as South Africa, this is different. In South African organizations, diversity is a consequence of labor legislation that advances “Brown” (i.e., Black African, Coloured [mixed race], and Indian) people, who were disadvantaged during apartheid, in the employment market. This chapter presents the Dual Process Model of Diversity (DPMD) as a means for understanding pathways towards positive diversity management. The DPMD combines an acculturation framework (Berry, 1997) with a dual-process model of occupational health (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007) and makes a distinction between positive (enhancing) and negative (encumbering) factors influencing the pathways (cf. Ely & Thomas, 2001). We argue that organizations should consider their institutional role (e.g., organizational norms, culture, policies, and practices) to promote the integration of employees.

Methods and Assessment in Culture and Psychology
  • Edited by Michael Bender, Byron G. Adams
  • Published online: 21 January 2021
  • Print publication: 18 February 2021
  • Significant advancements in methodologies and statistical techniques in cross-cultural psychological research abound, but general practice, education, and most researchers in psychology rarely use them. This leads to misinterpretations, misrepresentations, and prejudice. The authors expertly demonstrate the importance of methodological rigor to safeguard appropriate inferences about similarities and differences, particularly when methods have not been developed in the cultural contexts where they are used. The book features acculturation and identity, including contributions on remote acculturation, religiosity, and organizational contexts. It also covers individual differences and evaluates methodological progress in educational assessment, emotions, motivation, and personality. Methodological and psychometric perspectives on equivalence and bias, as well as measurement invariance in cross-cultural research, are a central theme. From study design to data interpretation, it is essential for psychology, and the social sciences in general, to adopt methods and assessment procedures that are more rigorous for culture-comparative studies.

  • Volunteer First Responders for Optimizing Management of Mass Casualty Incidents

  • Eli Yafe, Blake Byron Walker, Ofer Amram, Nadine Schuurman, Ellen Randall, Michael Friger, Bruria Adini
  • Journal: Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 13 / Issue 2 / April 2019
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 June 2018, pp. 287-294
  • Objective

    Rapid response to a trauma incident is vital for saving lives. However, in a mass casualty incident (MCI), there may not be enough resources (first responders and equipment) to adequately triage, prepare, and evacuate every injured person. To address this deficit, a Volunteer First Responder (VFR) program was established.

    Methods

    This paper describes the organizational structure and roles of the VFR program, outlines the geographical distribution of volunteers, and evaluates response times to 3 MCIs for both ambulance services and VFRs in 2000 and 2016.

    Results

    When mapped, the spatial distribution of VFRs and ambulance stations closely and deliberately reflects the population distribution of Israel. We found that VFRs were consistently first to arrive at the scene of an MCI and greatly increased the number of personnel available to assist with MCI management in urban, suburban, and rural settings.

    Conclusions

    The VFR program provides an important and effective life-saving resource to supplement emergency first response. Given the known importance of rapid response to trauma, VFRs likely contribute to reduced trauma mortality, although further research is needed in order to examine this question specifically. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:287–294)

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