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5 results

  • Chapter 10 - Cognitive enhancers versus stimulants

  • from Section 2 - Stimulant Reversal of Cognitive Deficits
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Book:
    Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
    Published online:
    05 September 2012
    Print publication:
    23 August 2012, pp 136-151

  • Summary

    This chapter presents results from studies showing strong evidence for pronounced heritability of waking and rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Genes regulate the expression and function of the neurobiological systems that modulate sleep and wakefulness. The most commonly employed method for identifying genes involved in some aspect of physiological or behavioral regulation is the candidate gene approach. In this approach, individuals with genetic polymorphisms thought to be involved in sleep-wake regulation or neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep loss are subjected to sleep loss in the laboratory, and neurobehavioral measures are assessed throughout. The chapter determines whether functional polymorphisms of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene moderate responsivity to other psychostimulants that also act via dopaminergic signaling. Genetic variations also appear to control individual responsivity to stimulants. Evidence indicates that the COMT Val158Met polymorphism controls individual responsivity to the stimulant modafinil during sleep loss.

  • Behavioural Vigilance in Schizophrenia: Evidence for Hyperattentional Processing

  • Corinne M. Mar, David A. Smith, Martin Sarter
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 169 / Issue 6 / December 1996
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 781-789
    Print publication:
    December 1996
  • Background

    Despite 30 years of research, some surprisingly fundamental gaps remain in our understanding of schizophrenic input dysfunctions.

    Method

    In a provisional test of a ‘hyperattention’ hypothesis, schizophrenic patients and control subjects performed a behavioural test that was adapted from a paradigm originally developed for characterising vigilance or sustained attention in animals. On this computerised operant testing procedure, subjects discriminated between signals of various salience and non-signal presentations. Hits and correct rejections resulted in monetary rewards while misses and false alarms entailed monetary costs.

    Results

    Data from in-patients with schizophrenia and age, education and gender-matched controls support hypotheses not only about hyperattentional dysfunctions in schizophrenia with respect to overall signal detectability but also in terms of resistance to the vigilance decrement that normally occurs over trials.

    Conclusions

    The theoretical importance of impairments of this sort are discussed with respect to the cognitive and perceptual consequences of hypervigilance and ‘input dysfunction’.