The dense Z-pinch project at Imperial College is aimed at achieving radiative collapse to high density in a hydrogen plasma, and also to study plasmas close to controlled fusion conditions. To this end, the MAGPIE generator (2.4 MV, 1.25, and 200 ns) has been built and tested, and is now giving preliminary experimental data at 60% of full voltage for carbon and CD2 fibers. These discharges are characterized by an initial radial expansion followed by the occurrence of m = 0 structures with transient X-ray emission from bright spots. Late in the discharge a disruption can occur, accompanied by hard X-ray emission from the anode due to an energetic electron beam and, in the case of CD2 fibers, a neutron burst. Concomitant theoretical studies have solved the linear stability problem for a Z-pinch with large ion Larmor radii, showing that a reduction in growth rate of m = 0 and m = 1 modes to about 20% of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) value can occur for a parabolic density profile when the Larmor radius is optimally 20% of the pinch radius. Two dimensional MHD simulations of Z-pinches in two extremes of focussed short-pulse laserplasma interactions and of galactic jets reveal a nonlinear stabilizing effect in the presence of sheared flow. One-dimensional simulations show that at low line density the lower hybrid drift instability can lead to coronal radial expansion of a Z-pinch plasma.

Experiments to study plasma formation and implosion dynamics of wire array z pinches performed on MAGPIE generator (1.4 MA, 240 ns) at Imperial College are reviewed. Data from laser probing and X-ray radiography show that heterogeneous plasma structure with dense wire cores surrounded by low-density coronal plasma persists in wire arrays for a significant part of the implosion. Early implosion of the coronal plasma produces a precursor plasma column on the array axis, parameters of which depend on the rate of radiative cooling. The seeding of perturbations on the dense core of each wire is provided by nonuniform sweeping of the low-density coronal plasma from the cores by the global J × B force. The spatial scale of these perturbations (∼0.5 mm for Al, ∼0.25 mm for W) is determined by the size of the wire cores (∼0.25 mm for Al, ∼0.1 mm for W). A qualitative change in implosion dynamics, with transition to 0-D-like trajectory, was observed in Al arrays when the ratio of interwire gap to wire core size was decreased to ∼3. In experiments with nested wire arrays, two different modes of operation were identified, both giving significant sharpening of the X-ray pulse (∼10 ns) in comparison with a single array, despite the small number of wires in the arrays (16 outer, 16 inner) and the long implosion time (260 ns).

Both dynamic and equilibrium z pinches are mostly described, whether in theory or in simulation, by conventional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid equations. However there are several key phases in z-pinch behavior when kinetic effects are important. Runaway electrons can occur close to the axis especially in an m = 0 neck or during the subsequent disruption. Large ion-Larmor orbits can, if sufficiently collisionless, lead to stabilizing effects. During a disruption, ion beams can be produced. For deuterium discharges, the interaction of an ion beam with the ambient plasma can lead to a significant neutron yield. If the drift velocity of the current-carrying electrons exceeds a threshold for generating microinstabilities (lower-hybrid or ion-acoustic instabilities), this leads to anomalous resistivity. This can occur not only during a disruption, but also in the low-density (usually outer) plasma boundary of an equilibrium or dynamic pinch. Related to this is the open question of whether current reconnection can occur in fully developed magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in the low-density coronal plasma. Two other kinetic effects are new to z pinches. First, there are the collisions of low-density energetic ions from a wire array as they pass close to the axis to form a precursor plasma. Second, there is the possible erosion and ablation of wire cores in the necks of m = 0 coronal current-carrying plasma by flux-limited heat flow with its attendant deviation from a Maxwellian of the isotropic part of the distribution function.

A series of specialized multidimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models have been developed to tackle the different phases of evolution of wire array z-pinch implosions. Two-dimensional (r–z) “cold-start” or “wire initiation” simulations of single wires indicate the persistence of a two-component structure with a cold, dense core embedded within a much hotter, low density, m = 0 unstable corona. Cold-start simulations with similar conditions to wires in an array show a general trend in the plasma structure from discrete wires with large m = 0 perturbation amplitudes to partially merged wires with smaller perturbation amplitudes as the number of wires is increased. Two-dimensional (r–θ) simulations then show how the persistence of dense wire cores results in the injection of material between the wires into the interior of the array, generating radial plasma streams which form a precursor plasma upon reaching the axis. Higher-resolution 2-D (r–θ) simulations show similar behavior for large number wire arrays in use at Sandia National Laboratories. This model is also used to predict which modes of implosion are in operation in nested wire array experiments. Separate r–θ plane simulations of the flux of plasma imploding towards the axis from the outer array and the bombardment of the inner array by this flux are presented. Finally, 2-D (r–z) simulations of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability during the final implosion phase are used to illustrate the effect upon the power and duration of the radiation output pulse. The results of low-resolution 3-D resistive MHD simulations are also presented. The need for much higher resolution 3-D simulations of certain aspects of wire array evolution is highlighted.