Substance dependence (SD) is one of the commonest comorbidities among patients with Anxiety Disorders (AD). Treating patients' co-occurring Anxiety disorders may reduce their substance craving and taking and enhance their over all outcomes. A methodical, staged screening and assessment can ease the diagnostic challenge of distinguishing the symptoms of anxiety disorders from manifestations of substance intoxication and withdrawal. This study was carried out on total of 561 substance dependence patients who were screened for Anxiety disorders by DSM IV based MINI Plus interview. The statistical analysis of the data was done by using Chi-square test χ2 test. The study revealed that 62.56% (n=351) had psychiatric comorbidity, with Anxiety disorders comorbid in 27.35% (n=96) dually diagnosed patients. Out of these 96 patients with comorbid anxiety disorders, 44.79% (n=43) had PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress disorder), 30.20% (n=29) had GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder), 13.54% (n=13) had OCD (0bsessive Compulsive disorder) and 11.45% (n=11) had panic disorder as comorbid diagnosis. Most of these patients with dual diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders and substance dependence 69.79% (n=67) belonged to < 35 year age group. Majority were males and unmarried. Illiterate patients out numbered educated. Most of the patients in this study were unemployed. Most common substances used by these dually diagnosed patients were cannabis followed by combination of opioids & benzodiazepines.

Kashmir has observed increase in number of Substance dependence patients due to various factors like easy availability of drugs, drugs smuggled across border, unemployment but most importantly present disturbed conditions for last two decades. Drug use appears to have an important role in vulnerability to development of psychiatric disorders and vice versa. Substance dependence Patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders are difficult to treat. A methodical, staged screening and assessment can ease the diagnostic challenge of distinguishing the symptoms of psychiatric disorders from manifestations of substance intoxication and withdrawal. This study was carried out on total of 300 substance dependence patients who were screened for psychiatric disorders by DSM IV based MINI Plus interview. The statistical analysis of the data was done by using Chi-square test χ2 test. The study revealed that 58% (n=174) had psychiatric comorbidity, Most of these patients with dual diagnosis of psychiatric Disorders and substance dependence 87.35% (n=152) belonged to < 38 year age group. Majority were males 95.40% (n=166) and unmarried/ divorced 64.36% (n=112), Illiterate patients out numbered educated 45.97% (n=80). Most of the patients in this study were unemployed 41.37% (n=72). Peer group pressure / curiosity (54.02%) were the most common precipitating factor followed by the traumatic stress (12.64%). Most common substances used by these dually diagnosed patients were cannabis (37.93%) followed by combination of Opioids & benzodiazepines (32.75%). Commonly associated psychiatric disorders were psychotic disorders (33.90%), mood disorders (32.18%) & post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in 11.49 %.

Supplementing flavonoids in poultry diets has shown the potential to progress the nutritional, sensorial and microbiological quality of poultry meat and eggs. In the last decade, several studies have determined the benefits of flavonoids for inhibition of lipid oxidation and microbial growth, check any pH-dependent deterioration and improve the colour stability of meat and related products. Flavonoids are typically absorbed in the ileum where pH is between 5-6.8. The various flavonoids vary in effective dose levels in poultry, but are typically included in levels ranging from 0.05-0.2%. Furthermore, flavonoid supplementation in the chicken diet has been reported to positively alter the fatty acid profile of meat and eggs by reducing the cholesterol and triglyceride content. Meat colour, in terms of lightness, can be improved by up to 5%. The aim of this review is to evaluate the use of various plant flavonoids as a substitute for synthetic feed additives in the poultry feed industry to satisfy consumer demands in terms of quality and safety of animal products. The results have stimulated interest in more research on the various flavonoid classes to determine the most effective compounds and their optimal doses for both broilers and laying hens.

Zinc (Zn) is an important nutrient in poultry and its deficiency has been linked with various disorders, in addition to depressed growth and performance. It is now recognised that Zn has a major role in antioxidation, growth and development, production, immunity and stress related issues. Supplementation of Zn can improve growth, augment immunity, enhance antioxidant capacity, increase endocrine secretion and interact with other minerals in the gut. In this review, some of the basic information regarding the importance and activity of Zn within the body and the addition of Zn in poultry diets is discussed.

Protein is the main limiting factor and the second most expensive feed component of poultry ration after energy. In many developing countries, poultry feed prices are consistently increasing because of the dependency on imported soybean meal. In order to decrease the dependency of the poultry feed sector on soybean meal it is necessary to find sustainable alternative protein sources. This review summarises recent findings on the nutritive value of maggot meal, earth worm meal, meal worms and silkworm meal and discusses their potential as an alternative protein source for poultry feed sector.

A serological and coprological survey of fasciolosis was conducted in bovine hosts from the Sargodha district, Pakistan using excretory–secretory (ES) antigens of Fasciola gigantica from cattle and buffaloes. Livers, faecal and blood samples of 146 cattle and 184 buffaloes were collected from slaughterhouses and examined for the presence of any Fasciola in bile ducts and ova in faeces. Serum was separated. ES antigens were prepared by incubating adult Fasciola in phosphate-buffered saline for 6–8 h and then filtering using a 0.22-μm syringe filter. Checkerboard titration was performed and optimum concentrations of antigen and serum were determined. Sero-prevalence was found to be 50.00 and 38.35% in buffalo and cattle, respectively. Using liver examination as the gold standard, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) sensitivity was found to be 100% in both buffalo and cattle as compared with that of coprological examination in buffalo (61.79%) and cattle (54.54%). This indigenous ELISA was also highly specific, with values of 96.84 and 98.90% in buffalo and cattle, respectively. Positive predictive values were calculated as 96.74 and 98.21% in buffalo and cattle, respectively, while negative predictive values were 100%. For the validation of indigenous ELISA in field surveys, faecal and blood samples were collected from six sub-districts (tehsils) in the district of Sargodha. Sera were screened for the presence of anti-fasciola antibodies using both the indigenous and commercial ELISA kits. While both kits were equally sensitive, the indigenous ELISA was found to be more specific. The highest prevalence of fasciolosis was found in December, as ascertained using both serological and coprological examination. Significant differences were found in prevalences of fasciolosis in different sub-districts and age groups, together with feeding and watering systems.

The objective of the study was to assess the post-weaning growth response of Sahiwal calves reared on four different pre-weaning dietary regimens. The four diets were: (a) whole cow's milk, starter ration (SR; CP = 20%, total digestible nutrients (TDN) = 72%) and Berseem hay (H; Egyptian clover; CP = 21%, TDN = 63%); (b) whole cow's milk + H; (c) milk replacer (MR; reconstituted to supplier specification; Sprayfo®) + SR + H; and (d) MR + H. The protein and fat percentages of reconstituted MR were 2.22 and 1.84, respectively. Milk or MR were fed at the rate of 10% of the calves’ body weight (BW) until 56 days of age, and then withdrawn gradually until weaned completely by 84 days of age. The average initial BW of calves in groups A, B, C and D were 56.3 ± 1.0, 47.5 ± 1.0, 40.4 ± 1.0 and 30.3 ± 1.0 kg, respectively. Initially, there were 12 calves in each group with six of each sex; however, one male calf died from each of groups B and C and were not replaced. During the post-weaning period, 13 to 24 weeks, the calves were fed a single total mixed ration ad libitum based on maize, canola meal, wheat straw and molasses containing 16% CP and 70% TDN. Daily feed intake and weekly BW gains were recorded. The data were analyzed by MIXED model analysis procedures using the statistical program SAS. The intake of calves as percent of their BW, feed conversion ratio and cost per kg of BW gain were not different (P > 0.05) across treatments. The daily gain at 24 weeks of age for the pre-weaning treatments A, B, C and D were 746 ± 33, 660 ± 33, 654 ± 33 and 527 ± 33 g/day and the final liveweights of calves were 119 ± 4.2, 102 ± 4.2, 95 ± 4.2 and 75 ± 4.2 kg, respectively. Gains were influenced significantly (P < 0.05) by pre-weaning treatments. The calves fed MR and H only during the pre-weaning period were unable to catch up post weaning with calves on other dietary treatments. The calves fed whole milk from birth at the rate of 10% of liveweight together with concentrates had higher weaning weight and superior growth rate post weaning as well. Thus, pre-weaning feeding was important for higher weaning weights and superior growth rates post weaning.

An epidemiologic investigation was conducted to characterize and evaluate the possibility of a viral aetiology of an outbreak of acute vertigo in Hot Springs Country, Wyoming, during autumn 1992. Case-finding identified Hot Springs County residents who sought medical attention for new onset vertigo during 1 August, 1992–31 January 1993. Thirty-five case-patients and 61 matched controls were interviewed and serum specimens were obtained during January 1993. Case-patients were more likely than controls to report symptoms (e.g. fatigue, sore throat, fever, diarrhoea) of antecedent acute illness. Case-patients did not have a significantly greater prevalence or mean titre of IgG antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, Epstein–Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus than controls. Serologic evidence of recent enterovirus infection (IgM antibodies) was found for 74% of case-patients compared with 54% of controls (P < 0·05), suggesting a possible association between vertigo and enterovirus infection. Future studies are needed to define the role of enteroviruses in inner-ear diseases.

Between 1983 and 1995, 546 Blalock-Taussig shunt procedures were performed in 472 patients: 128 (23.0%) were classical shunts, 90 of them on the same side as to the aortic arch, and 418 (77.0%) were modified shunts, 182 on the same side of the arch. At the time of surgery, 78 patients were aged below one week, 270 from one week to 12 months, and 198 patients were over one year of age. The mean pre-operative arterial saturation (71.7%±16.5%) was significantly increased to 83%±17.9% imme-diately after the procedure (p=0.017). The overall hospital mortality rate was 2.9% (16/546), with rates of 2.3% (3/128) for the classical, and 3.1% (13/418) for the modified shunts (p= not significant). The rate was significantly higher, however, for classical shunts when the pulmonary arterial diameter was less than 4 mm (15.4% versus zero; p=0.047), though this relationship was reversed for modified shunts (zero versus 3.6%; p=0.338). Early mortality was significantly influenced by the age at surgery, 5/78 (6.4%) in patients aged below 1 week, 3.7% between 1 week and 1 year, and 0.5% over 1 year (p=0.019). Early mortality was also significantly increased in patients weighing 3kg or less, 8/156 (5.1%), versus 3/303 (1.0%), p=0.037. Overall, 51 shunts failed (9–3%), 10 early and 41 late. Early failure was significantly increased in patients weighing 3kg or less, 8/156 (5.1%) versus 3/303 (1.0%), p=0.016. The overall early failure rate was 1.4% (3/215) when heparin was administered intra-operatively and for 48 hours postoperatively, in contrast to an early failure rate of 3.4% (7/203) when heparin was not used (p = 0.294). Overall rates of failure during follow-up were 9.1% (17/188) in heparinized patients versus!3.6% (24/177), (p=0.173) in non-heparinized patients. Failure of classical shunts was 10.2% (13/128), compared with 6.7% (28/418) for modified shunts (p=0.195). Failure was more common overall if the pulmonary arterial diameter was less than 4 mm, 14.7% (9/61), as opposed to 8.7% (26/300) when the diameter was 4 mm or greater, (p=0.144). Administration of aspirin during follow-up after the modified shunt procedure reduced failure from 11 % (18/163) to 6.7% (10/150), p=0.176. Classical or modified Blalock-Taussig shunts, either on the same side or opposite to the aortic arch, can be performed on patients of any age with minimum postoperative complications and low operative mortality. The use of intra- and post-operative heparin appears to reduce the overall rate of failure, and the administration of aspirin during follow-up appears to reduce failure of modified Blalock-Taussig shunts.

The Cassini Dust Analyser (CDA) has the capacity to provide composition information from impacting micrometeoroids through impact ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The instrument, aboard the Cassini-Huygens mission, has been collecting data since March 1999 during its journey to the Saturnian system (2004) via Jupiter (December 2000).

The University of Kent at Canterbury is using A 2-MV Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator and laboratory CDA model to perform a calibration programme primarily focused upon the Chemical Analyser. The particles used to simulate impacts and characterise the instrument responses are of the same velocity (up to 37 km s–1) and mass (10–19–10–15kg) as those expected from interplanetary space. A variety of materials are used although of particular interest are revolutionary low-density, coated-latex particles. They enable complex organic spectra to be obtained under laboratory conditions.

The suitability of these particles for the calibration of CDA type instruments and the current status of the ongoing programme to investigate the system's response are reported.

The thermodynamic parameters that drive the atomic migration in B2 alloys are studied using Monte-Carlo simulations. The model is based on a vacancy jump mechanism between nearest neighbor sites, with a constant vacancy concentration. The ordering energy is described through an Ising Hamiltonian with interaction potentials between first and second nearest neighbors. Different migration barriers are introduced fur A and B atoms. The results of the simulations compare very well with those of experiments. The ordering kinetics are well described by exponential-like behaviors with two relaxation times whose temperature dependences are Arrhenius laws yielding effective migration energies. The ordering energy contributes significantly to the total migration energy.

Thermally stable contacts to GaN that also have desirable electrical characteristics are required for the further development of optoelectronic and high temperature devices based on GaN. To make improvements on existing contacts or to develop new ones, information on the metallurgy of potential contact systems is needed. In this work, the Metal-Ga-N ternary phase equilibria and the contact metallurgy are examined for Ti, Re, and Ni. Annealed contacts of these metals have been examined with x-ray diffraction and/or x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the observed metallurgical reactions are discussed in light of estimated or experimentally determined Metal-Ga-N phase diagrams. Particular attention is paid to the gas phase equilibria and the role of the annealing environment on the metallurgical reactions. Finally, the consequences of this work for the design of thermally stable contacts are considered.

The reactions between Au, Au/Ni and Au/C/Ni thin films on p-GaN have been studied using current-voltage (I-V) measurements, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The metallization schemes consisted of ≈2000Ǻ sputtered Au, 1000Ǻ Au/500Ǻ Ni, and 1000Ǻ Au/100Ǻ C/500Ǻ Ni electron beam evaporated. The Au/Ni metallization scheme is of particular interest since it is the basis for the most commonly used ohmic p-type contacts for blue GaN LED’s. Au does not decompose the GaN matrix, while Ni has been shown to react with GaN above a temperature of 400° C for times longer than 5 minutes. Upon decomposition of the GaN by Ni, incorporation of C at the metal/GaN interface occurred. It is believed that a regrowth of GaN occurred, with the surface region being doped with C. Attempts at increasing this doping concentration by introducing an interfacial C layer were not successful.

Let G be a nondiscrete locally compact Hausdorff abelian group. It is shown that if G contains an open torsion subgroup, then every proper dense subgroup of G is contained in a maximal subgroup; while if G has no open torsion subgroup, then it has a dense subgroup D such that G/D is algebraically isomorphic to R, the additive group of reals. With each G, containing an open torsion subgroup, we associate the least positive integer n such that the nth multiple of every discontinuous character of G is continuous. The following are proved equivalent for a nondiscrete locally compact abelian group G:

(1) The intersection of any two dense subgroups of G is dense in G.

(2) The intersection of all dense subgroups of G is dense in G.

(3) G contains an open torsion subgroup, and for each prime p dividing the positive integer associated with G, pG is either open or a proper dense subgroup of G.

Finally, we construct a locally compact abelian group G with infinitely many dense subgroups satisfying the three equivalent conditions stated above.

Nine local (indigenous) Zebu cows of average body weight 156 kg. were used to examine the performance in their first lactation given either fishmeal or wheat bran diets.

Fishmeal diet (A) consisted of 11.5 kg urea treated straw, 4 kg green grass and 0.25 kg of fishmeal. This diet contained an estimated 63 MJME, 518 g of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and 146 g of undegraded dietary protein (UDP). The wheat bran diet (B) consisted of 11.6 kg urea treated straw, 4 kg green grass and 0.5 kg wheat bran. This diet contained an estimated 66 MJME, 523 g of RDP and 91 g of UDP. Total dry matter intake of the two diets, A and B were 7.5 and 7.83 kg/d respectively. Therefore the two diets differed mainly in UDP levels. The composition and nutritive value of the ingredients of the two diets are given in Table 1 and 2.

In Bangladesh, locally produced fishmeal is available as a protein source for lactating cows but sometimes it is scarce and expensive. There is a need to find an alternative concentrate such as a legume which can be grown by the roadside, embankment and home. An experiment has been carried out to assess the effect on performance of partly replacing fishmeal with fresh foliage from Leucaena leucocephala.