Although markets are becoming increasingly transnationalized, the social question appears to remain firmly national. The aim of this article is to discuss under what circumstances, if at all, the social question ought to have a transnational dimension and what form it should take. As such, the article seeks to build a normative framework that abandons the conventional taxonomies of moral duties and instead links the concept of responsibility to governance, which takes place in the space of the polis through a reliance on questions of group agency. To this end, the article will draw on different aspects of responsibility. Having established a link between the social question and the concept of responsibility based on outcome and remedial responsibility, it will draw on collective and shared responsibility to consider what, if any, transnational dimension the social question should have.

Background: Phase 3 COMET trial (NCT02782741) compares avalglucosidase alfa (n=51) with alglucosidase alfa (n=49) in treatment-naïve LOPD. Methods: Primary objective: determine avalglucosidase alfa effect on respiratory muscle function. Secondary/other objectives include: avalglucosidase alfa effect on functional endurance, inspiratory/expiratory muscle strength, lower/upper extremity muscle strength, motor function, health-related quality of life, safety. Results: At Week 49, change (LSmean±SE) from baseline in upright forced vital capacity %predicted was greater with avalglucosidase alfa (2.89%±0.88%) versus alglucosidase alfa (0.46%±0.93%)(absolute difference+2.43%). The primary objective, achieving statistical non-inferiority (p=0.0074), was met. Superiority testing was borderline significant (p=0.0626). Week 49 change from baseline in 6-minute walk test was 30.01-meters greater for avalglucosidase alfa (32.21±9.93m) versus alglucosidase alfa (2.19±10.40m). Positive results for avalglucosidase alfa were seen for all secondary/other efficacy endpoints. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) occurred in 86.3% of avalglucosidase alfa-treated and 91.8% of alglucosidase alfa-treated participants. Five participants withdrew, 4 for AEs, all on alglucosidase alfa. Serious AEs occurred in 8 avalglucosidase alfa-treated and 12 alglucosidase alfa-treated participants. IgG antidrug antibody responses were similar in both. High titers and neutralizing antibodies were more common for alglucosidase alfa. Conclusions: Results demonstrate improvements in clinically meaningful outcome measures and a more favorable safety profile with avalglucosidase alfa versus alglucosidase alfa. Funding: Sanofi Genzyme

Given the current lack of experimental data for shock waves interacting with incoming transitional boundary layers, the goal of this study was to characterize the dynamics of such an interaction to better understand the fundamental fluid physics of these complex phenomena. Here, the mean flow field and time-dependent characteristics of a three-dimensional Mach 5 cylinder-induced shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction where the upstream boundary layer is transitional, have been studied experimentally. The interactions were generated with a right circular cylinder mounted on a flat plate. Streamwise–spanwise planar laser scattering from a condensed alcohol fog and schlieren imaging were used to characterize the mean and instantaneous structure of the interaction, and fast-response wall-pressure measurements on the centreline upstream of the cylinder enabled characterization of the unsteadiness. The pressure measurements show a mean pressure profile that resembles a composite of an upstream laminar profile and a downstream turbulent profile. The upstream influence location of the transitional interaction was approximately 8.5 diameters ($d$) upstream of the cylinder leading edge, which is between that of a laminar and a turbulent interaction, and is followed by a plateau region to approximately $4d$ upstream of the cylinder. The plateau region is a region with a thicker boundary layer and possible flow separation. The plateau pressure was within 7 % of the value predicted by Hill's correlation for free-interaction phenomena. Furthermore, a statistical analysis of the pressure histories suggests that the entire interaction stretches and contracts in concert. Power spectral densities of the pressure fluctuations showed unsteadiness throughout the interaction with energy content primarily centred between a region defined by a separation-length-based Strouhal number $St_{L} = 0.05\text {--}0.2$, comparing well with other related studies of cylinder-induced interactions. Cross-correlations and coherence functions in the interaction suggest that the unsteadiness in the laminar region may be due to the entire ‘laminar’ region oscillating in response to the ‘turbulent’ unsteadiness of the intermittent region.

Introduction: Extreme heat events due to climate change are becoming increasingly frequent and severe, and may have an impact on human health. Administrative database studies using International Classification of Diseases 10th revision codes (ICD-10) are powerful tools to measure the burden of acute heat illness (AHI) in Canada. We aimed to assess the validity of the coding algorithm for emergency department (ED) encounters for AHI in our region. Methods: Two independent reviewers retrospectively abstracted data from 507 medical records of patients presenting at two EDs in Ontario between May-September 2015-2018. The Gold Standard definition of an AHI is chart-documented heat exposure with a heat related complaint, such as syncope while working outdoors on a hot day. To determine ICD coding algorithm positive predictive value (PPV), records that were previously coded as ICD-10 heat illnesses were compared to the Gold Standard for AHI. To determine sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp) and negative predictive values (NPV), the Gold Standard was compared to randomly selected records. A total of 326,702 ED visits were included in study period with 208 having an ICD-10 code related to heat illness. Sample size calculation demonstrated a need to manually review 62 previously coded heat illnesses and 931 random cases, of which 50 and 474 have been reviewed, respectively. In both abstractions, 20% of cases underwent a blinded duplicate review. Results: In our review of 474 random records, 2 cases were identified as AHI but without an appropriate ICD-10 code, 445 were not AHIs, and no cases had been identified as having an AHI ICD-10 inappropriately applied. In our review of 50 previously coded heat illnesses, 34 were found to be appropriately coded and 16 inappropriately coded, as AHI ICD-10. Average patient age and gender of heat illness vs non-heat illness ED presentations were 32 and 48 years of age and 49% and 64% male, respectively. The leading complaint in AHI was heat stroke/exhaustion (39%), followed by headaches (15%), dizziness (9%), shortness of breath (9%) and syncope/presyncope (6%). 76% of all heat illness presentations presented following a period of physical exertion. Conclusion: Final calculation of Sn, Sp, PPV, NPV for the algorithm will occur upon completion of the review. Preliminary results suggest that ICD-10 coding for AHI may be applied correctly in the ED. This study will help to determine if administrative data can accurately be used to measure the burden of heat illness in Canada.

The effect of transportation and lairage on the faecal shedding and post-slaughter contamination of carcasses with Escherichia coli O157 and O26 in young calves (4–7-day-old) was assessed in a cohort study at a regional calf-processing plant in the North Island of New Zealand, following 60 calves as cohorts from six dairy farms to slaughter. Multiple samples from each animal at pre-slaughter (recto-anal mucosal swab) and carcass at post-slaughter (sponge swab) were collected and screened using real-time PCR and culture isolation methods for the presence of E. coli O157 and O26 (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and non-STEC). Genotype analysis of E. coli O157 and O26 isolates provided little evidence of faecal–oral transmission of infection between calves during transportation and lairage. Increased cross-contamination of hides and carcasses with E. coli O157 and O26 between co-transported calves was confirmed at pre-hide removal and post-evisceration stages but not at pre-boning (at the end of dressing prior to chilling), indicating that good hygiene practices and application of an approved intervention effectively controlled carcass contamination. This study was the first of its kind to assess the impact of transportation and lairage on the faecal carriage and post-harvest contamination of carcasses with E. coli O157 and O26 in very young calves.

The primate malaria Plasmodium knowlesi has a long-standing history as an experimental malaria model. Studies using this model parasite in combination with its various natural and experimental non-human primate hosts have led to important advances in vaccine development and in our understanding of malaria invasion, immunology and parasite–host interactions. The adaptation to long-term in vitro continuous blood stage culture in rhesus monkey, Macaca fascicularis and human red blood cells, as well as the development of various transfection methodologies has resulted in a highly versatile experimental malaria model, further increasing the potential of what was already a very powerful model. The growing evidence that P. knowlesi is an important human zoonosis in South-East Asia has added relevance to former and future studies of this parasite species.

The high cost of single-crystal III–V substrates limits the use of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and related sphalerite III–V materials in many applications, especially photovoltaics. However, by making devices from epitaxially grown III–V layers that are separated from a growth substrate, one can recycle the growth substrate to reduce costs. Here, we show damage-free removal of an epitaxial single-crystal GaAs film from its GaAs growth substrate using a laser that is absorbed by a smaller band gap, pseudomorphic indium gallium arsenide nitride layer grown between the substrate and the GaAs film. The liftoff process transfers the GaAs film to a flexible polymer substrate, and the transferred GaAs layer is indistinguishable in structural quality from its growth substrate.

Intermetallic titanium aluminides solidifying via the disordered β-phase are of great interest for several high-temperature applications in automotive and aircraft industries. In this paper the thermocyclic oxidation behavior of three β-solidifying γ-TiAl-based alloys at 800°C and 900°C in air, with and without fluorine treatment, is reported for the first time. The behavior of the well-known TNM alloy (Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B, in at.%) is compared with that of two Nb-free model alloys which contain different amounts of Mo (Ti-44Al-3Mo and Ti-44Al-7Mo, in at.%). During thermocyclic high-temperature exposure in air a mixed oxide scale develops on all three untreated alloys. Small additions of fluorine in the subsurface region of the alloys change the oxidation mechanism from mixed oxide scale formation to alumina at both temperatures. The oxidation resistance of the fluorine treated samples was significantly improved compared to the untreated samples.

Grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin film solar cells are frequently found to be detrimental for device performance. Biaxiallytextured silicon with grains that are well-aligned in-plane and out-of-plane can possess fewer GB defects. In this work, we use TCAD Sentaurus device simulator and known experimental work to investigate and quantify the potential performance gains of biaxially-textured silicon. Simulation shows there can be performance gain from well-aligned grains when GB defects dominate carrier recombination or when grains are small. On the other hand, when intra-grain defects dominate recombination and grains are large, well-aligned grains do not lead to much performance gain. Another important result from our simulation is when intra-grain and GB defects are few, Jsc is almost independent of grain size while Voc drops with decreasing grain size.

Thin-film absorber layers for photovoltaics have attracted much attention for their potential for low cost per unit power generation, due both to reduced material consumption and to higher tolerance for defects such as grain boundaries. Cu2ZnGeSe4 (CZGSe) comprises one such material system which has a near-optimal direct band gap of 1.6 eV for absorption of the solar spectrum, and is made primarily from earth-abundant elements.

CZGSe metallic precursor films were sputtered from Cu, Zn, and Ge onto Mo-coated soda lime glass substrates. These were then selenized in a two-zone close-space sublimation furnace using elemental Se as the source, with temperatures in the range of 400 to 500 C, and at a variety of background pressures. Films approximately 1-1.5 µm thick were obtained with the expected stannite crystal structure.

Next, Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe), which has a direct band gap of 1.0 eV, was prepared in a similar manner and combined with CZGSe as either compositionally homogeneous or layered absorbers. The compositional uniformity of selenide absorbers made by selenizing compositionally homogeneous Cu-Zn-Ge-Sn precursor layers was determined and the band gap as a function of composition was investigated in order to demonstrate that the band gap is tuneable for a range of compositions. For layered Cu-Zn-Ge/Cu-Zn-Sn precursor films, the composition profile was measured before and after selenization to assess the stability of the layered structure, and its applicability for forming a band-gap-graded device for improved current collection.

Ensuring microstructural stability under technical relevant conditions is a determining criterion for the development of innovative high-temperature materials. In this work, the influ-ence of C and Si on the microstructural stability during creep exposure was investigated for a β-solidifying γ-TiAl based alloy with a nominal composition of Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (in at.%), named TNM. With a two-step heat treatment a microstructure consisting of fine lamellar α2/γ-colonies, surrounded by βo-phase and areas of discontinuous precipitation, starting from the boundaries of the lamellar colonies, was adjusted. Creep tests were carried out to examine the potential of C and Si to prevent microstructural instability during creep and hence improving the creep properties. At 815 °C the discontinuous precipitation process of the TNM alloy continues during ensuing creep testing leading to a reduced creep resistance. In comparison, the minimum creep rate of the TNM-0.3C-0.3Si alloy was significantly decreased caused by the lower βo-phase content and average lamellar spacing within the α2/γ-colonies, the precipitation of p-Ti3AlC carbides and the retarded kinetics of discontinuous precipitation.

Electronic devices made from single crystal thin films attached to inexpensive support substrates offer reduced material costs compared to wafer-based devices; however, scalable and inexpensive processes for producing these single crystal film structures have remained elusive. In this work, we describe a new approach for fabricating these structures. In our approach, an epitaxial film is grown on a single crystal template and is then separated from its growth surface via fracture along a weak heteroepitaxial interface between the single crystal film and its growth substrate. We show that epitaxial films of Si, Ge, and GaAs, with thicknesses ranging from 100 nm to 1 μm, grown on epitaxial CaF2 overlayers on Si <111> substrates, can be transferred to glass substrates by inducing fracture along the heteroepitaxial interface between the semiconductor film and CaF2, or between CaF2 and the Si wafer, assisted by the presence of water as in moisture-assisted cracking.