This study aimed to determine the association of some demographic and clinical factors with recovery from olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 patients in Iran.

This prospective cohort study was performed on 242 coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The time from onset to recovery for olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier estimator.

After six months, 239 patients (98.8 per cent) had completely recovered from olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction symptoms resolved in 80.99 per cent and 83.56 per cent of the patients, respectively, within the first 30 days of symptom onset. Mean recovery time for olfactory dysfunction (35.07 ± 4.25 days) was significantly longer in those infected during the first epidemic wave compared with those infected during the second wave (21.65 ± 2.05 days) (p = 0.004). A similar pattern in recovery time was observed for cases of gustatory dysfunction (p = 0.005).

The recovery rate for coronavirus disease 2019 related olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is high within the first month of symptom onset.

This cross-sectional study investigated vestibular function outcomes after cochlear implantation in patients with inner-ear anomalies.

Twenty-two patients with bilateral symmetric inner-ear anomalies and 28 patients with normal inner ears were included. All were congenitally or progressively deaf persons implanted unilaterally during the previous 15 years. Vestibular system function was assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potential and bithermal caloric tests.

The vestibular-evoked myogenic potential abnormality rate in implanted ears with an inner-ear anomaly was 81.8 per cent, compared with 39.3 per cent in implanted ears with normal anatomy. In the non-implanted sides, the rate was 45.5 per cent (10 out of 22 cases) in the inner-ear anomaly patients compared with 17.9 per cent in patients with normal inner-ear structure. The respective abnormal caloric test rates in inner-ear anomaly versus normal anatomy patients were 81.8 per cent and 17.9 per cent (implanted ears), 77.3 per cent and 14.3 per cent (non-implanted sides).

Inner-ear anomaly and implantation were both associated with more vestibular-evoked myogenic potential abnormalities; when occurring together, these factors showed a synergistic effect. Caloric test abnormality is mainly dependent on the presence of an inner-ear anomaly, but implantation is not associated with caloric abnormality.

The study aimed to investigate relationship between personality characteristics and optimism in university students.

Study sample included a number of students that randomly were selected. To measure characteristics of personality questionnaire, NEO-FFI and optimism inventory was used. After collecting data Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data.

Findings showed that there were positive significant correlation between Extroversion, Agreement, Conscience and optimism in university students.

Based on results, it is recemonded that with applying plans to increase optimism elements in students, mental health will increase.

To investigate delusional beliefs and their dimensions (distress, preoccupation, conviction) across three groups, including patients with schizophrenia, their healthy family members, and normal subjects.

Subjects were 25 patients with schizophrenia, 35 of their healthy first degree relatives, and 35 normal subjects. Frequency of delusional beliefs and their dimensions were assessed using Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI-40). General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used to examine general mental health.

Frequency of delusional beliefs was higher in the patient group, compared with family group and normal subjects. Scores of all three dimensions of beliefs among the patients were significantly higher than the normal subjects but not more than their family members. In addition, conviction in the beliefs was significantly higher in the family members as compared to normal subjects.

The existence of the delusional beliefs among the healthy family members of patients with schizophrenia and the higher conviction in these beliefs as compared to normal subjects is in keeping with the continuum notion of psychosis. Further investigations are needed to support the notion.

Addiction is one of the most terrible disasters that has struck the young people in our country and has destroyed many of our economic and human resources. This study was done to determine the effective factors in the re-addiction after quitting in Ardabil.

This study was a descriptive study in which the subjects have been addicts referring to the governmental and nongovernmental drug treating centers in Ardabil. 380 addicts were chosen on the basis of sampling. The instrument was a questionnaire of two parts. The first part consists of 16 questions about demographic factors and the second part with 39 questions was about the factors that caused re-addiction. The questionnaire had a content validity and its reliability was determined by the test-retest method.

The results show that 50.5% of the subjects ranged between 30 to 50 years. less than 89.2% city residents, 32.6% opium addicts and 34.5% had quit at least twice, and 64.7% of them had started again after 2 months, 50.6% of the addicts had mental disorders. Chi-square statistical analyses showed that there is significant relationship between personal, social, economic and family-related factors with re-addiction.

It can be concluded that the combination of personal, social, economic and family-related factors play a very important role in re-addiction. So it is recommended that for re-addiction prevention all dimensions of the addicts have to be taken into consideration when they are quitting.

The revolving door phenomenon of hospitalization and relapse is very common among psychiatric patients in Iran.

To examine the effectiveness of a home aftercare service for patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.

Patients admitted to Roozbeh hospital (Tehran, Iran) were consecutively enrolled and were randomized into the home aftercare service and the treatment-as-usual groups. In the home aftercare group, multidisciplinary teams made home visits on a monthly basis that provided education and treatment. The treatment-as-usual group received the existing services. All patients were followed one year after discharge in 4-month intervals in which data about rehospitalisations, symptoms, functioning, quality of life, and service satisfaction were obtained.

A total of 130 patients were enrolled (70 with bipolar disorder and 60 with schizophrenia) and were randomized to receive either home aftercare (66) or treatment-as usual (64). Home aftercare led to greater reduction in mean rehospitalization rate in the follow-up (0.4 in home care vs 0.07 in TAU, p = 0.011). Moreover, patients in the home care group had more improvement in psychotic symptoms (p = 0.003), depressive symptoms (p = 0.003), and clinical global impression of illness severity (p = 0.008), as well as greater patient satisfaction with the service (p < 0.001). In multiple regression analysis, home aftercare and bipolar diagnosis were associated with less rehopsitalization.

Home aftercare is an effective service for patients with severe mental disorders after being discharged from the hospital. Its implementation in aftercare services is suggested.

There have been concerns about people with mental health problems living in the community in Iran experiencing harassment.

This study measures the prevalence and nature of harassment experienced by people with mental health problems and compares them with the general population.

Face to face interviews were conducted by trained interviewers to ascertain experiences of harassment. Interviews were carried out with 112 people with mental health problems and with 104 people from the general population.

Sixty-one per cent of people with mental health problems reported experiencing harassment, nearly ten times more frequently than those in the general population (7%). Among the people with mental health problems, being female, having higher levels of education, or being unemployed were significantly associated with experiencing harassment. The harassment commonly involved verbal abuse, often made reference to individuals' mental health problems and was primarily committed by family members.

A significantly higher prevalence of harassment was reported among individuals with mental health problems living in the community than in the general population sample. Mental health professionals should proactively ask their service users about their experiences in the home, and educational interventions are recommended, particularly for families of people with mental health problems.

This project was funded by Psychiatric and Psychological Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions and its relationship with depression and anxiety in a sample of patients underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT).

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 135 married patients who underwent BMT at least 1 year before evaluation. Sexual dysfunctions assessed by a questionnaire that was derived from Sexual History Form and Sexual Problem Measure. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess depression and anxiety in patients.

Questionnaires were completed by 128 (82.5%) participant. Fifty three percents of participants was male. The mean age of participants was 39.57±8.74. Sexual dysfunctions in post BMT period were significantly more frequent than period prior to the beginning of oncologic malignancy (P< 0.05). Sexual activity was decreased significantly after BMT (P< 0.01). The three most prevalent sexual dysfunctions in male group were premature ejaculation(56%) and problem in orgasm(40%) and desire(32.7%), and in female group were problem in arousal(77%) and desire(77%) and painful intercourse(77%). Sexual dysfunction was more prevalent in female group.

According to HADS score, 42(32.8%) patients had clinical depression (HADS-D score>14) and 12 (9.8%) patients had clinical anxiety (HADS-A score>14). There was not any significant relationship between mean HADS-A and HADS-D scores and scores of sexual dysfunctions questionnaires.

This study showed that sexual function and activity may be adversely affected by BMT. Factors other than anxiety and depression may have correlation with sexual dysfunction in these patients, of course limitation of this study should be considered.

A review of available evidence indicate that crime features depend on many and variable factor. for example psychological, environmental, personality cal and so on. in psychology and psychiatry it seems personality plays important role in tendency to crime. So we aim to develop a personality profile for our crime sample. So we aim to develop a personality profile for our criminal sample.

38 male with history of crime and sent to jail were randomly selected and Eysence's Personality Questionnaire was administered on them. the questionnaire assesses personality on four dimension: Extroversion, Introversion, Neuroticism and lie detector.

Result showed the criminals have high score in Neuroticism and Extroversion and their profile shows critical situations that need treatment interventions.

It is recommended to plan psychiatric interventions to reduce level of Neuroticism in them and direct them to better and social behavior.

Many studies have shown the efficacy of cognitive – behavioral therapy and psychological debriefing in treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a few evidences are available for using these techniques in large scale disasters.

This study aimed to asses the effect of some psychological interventions in reducing PTSD symptoms after Bam earthquake in different age groups.

In a before-after quasi experimental clinical trial, we compared the efficacy of one session of psychological debriefing and three sessions of group cognitive-behavioral therapy in bam earthquake PTSD symptoms in different age groups. We evaluated PTSD symptoms before and immediately and three months after interventions by CAPS scaling system and analyzed data.

one hundred and thirty persons entered in the study and 51 persons excluded during interventions because of migration. Interventions were showed to be effective only in short term period. The means of PTSD symptoms frequency and severity of avoidance symptoms were reduced during three months period of study which were statistically significant P<0.05. Interventions showed no efficacy for recall symptoms in long term and hyper arousal symptoms in short term and long term periods. There was no statistically significant difference among age groups.

Psychosocial supportive interventions may be effective on some of the PTSD symptoms but there is no difference in different

Psychological debriefing is a way for prevention and reducing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Many studies have shown the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy in treatment of PTSD. Few evidence is available for using of these techniques in large scale disasters.

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of psychological debriefing and cognitive-behavioral group therapy combination on Bam earthquake-related PTSD symptoms in adolescents.

In a before-after trial, we evaluated the efficacy of one session psychological debriefing and three sessions of group cognitivebehavioral therapy in Bam earthquake adolescents survivors with PTSD symptoms. The mean age of participants was 16.4 years and no one had severe PTSD or other psychiatric disorder that needed pharmacological intervention. Before, immediately and 3 months after interventions we evaluated PTSD symptoms using Clinical Administrated PTSD Scale for DSM-IV and analyzed them.

30 persons were included in the study, 8 of whom were excluded during interventions because of migration. The mean frequency of PTSD symptoms reduced immediately after interventions which was statistically significant (P< 0.05). There was no efficacy for intensity and severity.

Psychological debriefing and group cognitive-behavioral therapy may be effective in reducing the frequency of avoidance symptoms.

Psychological debriefing has been widely advocated for routine use following major traumatic events. Cognitive Behavioral Interventions, art supportive therapies, and sport and recreational support activities are other interventions for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder.

We assessed the effects of theses methods individually and in combination on reduction posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents who had experienced Bam earthquake.

In a field trial, we evaluated the efficacy of psychological debriefing, group cognitive-behavioral therapy, art and sport supportive interventions in 200 adolescents with PTSD symptoms who survived of Bam earthquake and compare it with a control group. Patients were randomly assigned to one of intervention programs including: group cognitive-behavioral therapy; group CBT plus art and sport interventions; art and sport interventions without group CBT; and control group.

Thirty one individuals were excluded because of migration. A statistically significant reduction in overall PTSD symptoms as well as in avoidance symptoms was observed after group cognitive-behavioral therapy. There was no significant difference in reduction of overall PTSD and avoidance symptoms between the other groups.

Psychological interventions in form of group cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce the symptoms of PTSD symptoms but we could not find the art and sport supportive therapy alone or in combination with group CBT to be useful in this regard.

The aim of the present study was toinvestigate the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in adolescents in fiveprovinces of Iran: Tehran, Shiraz, Esfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad.

In the present study, 9636 children and adolescents aged 6-18 yearswere selected from Tehran, Shiraz, Esfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad. The clinicalpsychologists were instructed to complete the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), then each of them that received high score in SDQ, completethe Persian version of Kiddie-Sads-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Oneway ANOVA was used totest for significant differences of disorders according to sex, age and province of residence.

Based on the results, the highest prevalenceof psychiatric disorders in the five provinces was related to conduct disorder (20.9%), and the lowest prevalence was related to substance abuse andalcohol abuse (0%). Also, ADHD had the most prevalence in boys (23.6%) and ODDhad the most prevalence in girls (19%). Among the 5 provinces, Tehran and Shiraz allocated the highest rates of ODD; Esfahan, Tabriz andMashhad had the highest rates of social phobia

In this study, the highest prevalence ofpsychological problems in the five provinces was related to conduct problems, and the lowest prevalence was related to substance abuse andalcohol abuse. It was determined that girls have more ODD than boys. In the current study, theprevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in the urbanpopulation in Tehran province was higher than expected.

Cosmetic surgery in Iran is suggested to be the most common. The aim of this study was to determine the social factors affecting decision on undergoing nasal cosmic surgery.

100 participants were enrolled in this study (50 participants undergone nasal surgery and 50 controls who had no intention to apply for plastic surgery. Controls were selected among friends and relatives of the surgery group and were matched for sex, age (±1year), marital status, income and education (in the same category as surgery group).

A self administered questionnaire was used to measure social and family factors namely: having a car, having a house, father's job, mother's job, the participant birth order, out of marriage sexual contact, and number of sisters. Multivariate logistic was used to analysis the data.

Among the factors used in the final model only number of sisters shown a positive and significant association with application for nasal surgery (P = 0.019).

Being adjusted for monthly income and no significant association with the participant's father's or mother's job (social class of the participants) may explain the high rate of cosmic surgery among Iranian population. While matched for sex, a direct and significant association between number of sisters of the participants and undergoing plastic surgery suggests the importance of family members and their gender in making decision on undergoing nasal cosmic surgery.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.