Developing a model to describe the shock-accelerated cylindrical fluid layer with arbitrary Atwood numbers is essential for uncovering the effect of Atwood numbers on the perturbation growth. The recent model (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 969, 2023, p. A6) reveals several contributions to the instability evolution of a shock-accelerated cylindrical fluid layer but its applicability is limited to cases with an absolute value of Atwood numbers close to $1$, due to the employment of the thin-shell correction and interface coupling effect of the fluid layer in vacuum. By employing the linear stability analysis on a cylindrical fluid layer in which two interfaces separate three arbitrary-density fluids, the present work generalizes the thin-shell correction and interface coupling effect, and thus, extends the recent model to cases with arbitrary Atwood numbers. The accuracy of this extended model in describing the instability evolution of the shock-accelerated fluid layer before reshock is confirmed via direct numerical simulations. In the verification simulations, three fluid-layer configurations are considered, where the outer and intermediate fluids remain fixed and the density of the inner fluid is reduced. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the effect of the Atwood number at the inner interface on the perturbation growth are mainly elucidated by employing the model to analyse each contribution. As the Atwood number decreases, the dominant contribution of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is enhanced due to the stronger waves reverberated inside the layer, leading to weakened perturbation growth at initial in-phase interfaces and enhanced perturbation growth at initial anti-phase interfaces.

Emotion regulation, as a typical “top-down” emotional self-regulation, has been shown to play an important role in children’s oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) development. However, the association between other self-regulation subcomponents and the ODD symptom network remains unclear. Meanwhile, while there are gender differences in both self-regulation and ODD, few studies have examined whether their relation is moderated by gender. Five hundred and four children (age 6–11 years; 207 girls) were recruited from schools with parents and classroom teachers completing questionnaires and were followed up for assessment six months later. Using moderation network analysis, we analyzed the relation between self-regulation and ODD symptoms, and the moderating role of gender. Self-regulation including emotion regulation, self-control, and emotion lability/negativity had broad bidirectional relations with ODD symptoms. In particular, the bidirectional relations between emotion regulation and ODD3 (Defies) and between emotion lability/negativity and ODD4 (Annoys) were significantly weaker in girls than in boys. Considering the important role of different self-regulation subcomponents in the ODD symptom network, ODD is better conceptualized as a self-regulation disorder. Each ODD symptom is associated with different degrees of impaired “bottom-up” and “top-down” self-regulation, and several of the associations vary by gender.

Skeletal muscle is of great importance for human activity and quality of life, as its loss contributes greatly to immobilization, especially for aged individuals. An increased dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins may be beneficial for muscle loss because of aging. However, the quantitative relationship between total antioxidation capacity (TAC) of antioxidant vitamins and muscle mass is undetermined. 4009 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed with demographic, lifestyle and dietary intake adjustment factors. The dose saturation effect was also determined by a saturation effect analysis. Subgroup analysis were performed forage and sex. In the fully adjusted model, per unit increase of dietary TAC was associated with an increase of 0.018 g/kg appendicular lean mass (95% CI: 0.007–0.029), 0.014 g/kg trunk lean mass (95% CI: 0.004–0.024) and 0.035 g/kg total lean mass (95% CI: 0.014–0.055). TAC was associated with an decrease of 0.004 kg/kg total percent fat (95% CI: -0.006–-0.002), 0.005 kg/kg trunk percent fat (95% CI: -0.007–-0.002) and 0.003 kg/m2 BMI (95% CI: -0.006–-0.001) at the same time. Subgroup analysis indicated that women and adults <50 years may experience the most significant association between TAC and skeletal muscle mass. We revealed a positive correlation between TAC and lean body mass, a negative association between TAC and body fat and BMI. Saturation values were found among people aged 40–59. Age and sex mediate these associations.

Choline and its derivative betaine are important methyl donors, components of cell membrane phospholipids, or precursors of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide. We aimed to investigate trends in dietary intake and food sources of total choline, individual choline forms, and betaine in Chinese adults using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 1991-2011. The sample was drawn from urban and rural communities in 12 provinces or autonomous regions with a multistage, random cluster design. Dietary intake was estimated using three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls in combination with a household food inventory. Linear mixed-effect models were constructed to calculate adjusted mean intake values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using R version 4.2.2. A total of 11,188 men and 12,279 women aged 18 years or older were included. Between 1991 and 2011, total choline intake increased from 219.3 (95% CI: 215.1-223.4) mg/d to 269.0 (95% CI: 265.6-272.5) mg/d in men and from 195.6 (95% CI: 191.8-199.4) mg/d to 240.4 (95% CI: 237.4-243.5) mg/d in women (both P-trends <0.001). Phosphatidylcholine was the major form of dietary choline and its contribution to total choline increased from 46.9% in 1991 to 58.8% in 2011. Cereals were the primary food source of total choline before 2000 while eggs had ranked at the top since 2004. Dietary betaine intake was relatively steady over time with a range of 134.0-151.5 mg/d in men (P-trend <0.001) and 111.7-125.3 mg/d in women (P-trend >0.05). In conclusion, Chinese adults experienced a significant increase in dietary intake of choline, particularly phosphatidylcholine during 1991-2011 and animal-derived foods have replaced plant-based foods as the main food sources of choline. Betaine intake remained relatively stable over time. Future efforts should address the health effects of these changes.

The tension distribution problem of cable-driven parallel robots is inevitable in real-time control. Currently, iterative algorithms or geometric algorithms are commonly used to solve this problem. Iterative algorithms are difficult to improve in real-time performance, and the tension obtained by geometric algorithms may not be continuous. In this paper, a novel tension distribution method for four-cable, 3-DOF cable-driven parallel robots is proposed based on the wave equation. The tension calculated by this method is continuous and differentiable, without the need for iterative computation or geometric centroid calculations, thus exhibiting good real-time performance. Furthermore, the feasibility and rationality of this algorithm are theoretically proven. Finally, the real-time performance and continuity of cable tension are analyzed through a specific numerical example.

Depression is highly prevalent in haemodialysis patients, and diet might play an important role. Therefore, we conducted this cross-sectional study to determine the association between dietary fatty acids (FA) consumption and the prevalence of depression in maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated FFQ between December 2021 and January 2022. The daily intake of dietary FA was categorised into three groups, and the lowest tertile was used as the reference category. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were applied to assess the relationship between dietary FA intake and the prevalence of depression. As a result, after adjustment for potential confounders, a higher intake of total FA [odds ratio (OR)T3 vs. T1 = 1·59, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1·04, 2·46] and saturated fatty acids (SFA) (ORT3 vs. T1 = 1·83, 95 % CI = 1·19, 2·84) was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. Significant positive linear trends were also observed (P < 0·05) except for SFA intake. Similarly, the prevalence of depression in MHD patients increased by 20% (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01–1.43) for each standard deviation increment in SFA intake. RCS analysis indicated an inverse U-shaped correlation between SFA and depression (Pnonlinear > 0·05). Additionally, the sensitivity analysis produced similar results. Furthermore, no statistically significant association was observed in the subgroup analysis with significant interaction. In conclusion, higher total dietary FA and SFA were positively associated with depressive symptoms among MHD patients. These findings inform future research exploring potential mechanism underlying the association between dietary FA and depressive symptoms in MHD patients.

Previous animal studies found beneficial effects of choline and betaine on maternal glucose metabolism during pregnancy, but few human studies explored the association between choline or betaine intake and incident gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to explore the correlation of dietary choline or betaine intake with GDM risk among Chinese pregnant women. A total of 168 pregnant women with GDM cases and 375 healthy controls were enrolled at the Seventh People’s Hospital in Shanghai during their GDM screening at 24–28 gestational weeks. A validated semi-quantitative FFQ was used to estimate choline and betaine consumption through face-to-face interviews. An unconditional logistic regression model was adopted to examine OR and 95 % CI. Compared with the controls, those women with GDM incidence were likely to have higher pre-pregnancy BMI, be older, have more parities and have higher plasma TAG and lower plasma HDL-cholesterol. No significant correlation was observed between the consumption of choline or betaine and incident GDM (adjusted OR (95 % CI), 0·77 (0·41, 1·43) for choline; 0·80 (0·42, 1·52) for betaine). However, there was a significant interaction between betaine intake and parity on the risk of GDM (Pfor interaction = 0·01). Among those women with no parity history, there was a significantly inverse correlation between betaine intake and GDM risk (adjusted OR (95 % CI), 0·25 (0·06, 0·81)). These findings indicated that higher dietary betaine intake during pregnancy might be considered a protective factor for GDM among Chinese women with no parity history.

Much research on the antecedents of proactive behavior has appeared in the literature, but this research introduces a new ritual perspective to rethink this question. Drawing on the process model of interaction rituals, we propose that work rituals urge employees to share emotional energy, and then, employees are likely to experience a higher level of work meaningfulness. In turn, employees tend to engage in more proactive behavior. Using data from a random assignment field experiment involving 204 employees from a communication corporation in China, we found support for our hypotheses. The implications of our research for theory and practice are discussed.

This study was conducted to investigate whether methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) is a mediator of methionine (Met)-induced crop milk protein synthesis via the janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signalling pathway in breeding pigeons. In Experiment 1, a total of 216 pairs of breeding pigeons were divided into three groups (control, Met-deficient, and Met-rescue groups). In Experiments 2 and 3, forty pairs of breeding pigeons from each experiment were allocated into four groups. The second experiment included a control group and three MetRS inhibitor (REP8839) groups. The third experiment included a Met-deficient group, Met-sufficient group, REP8839 + Met-deficient group and REP8839 + Met-sufficient group. Experiment 1 showed that Met supplementation increased crop development, crop milk protein synthesis, the protein expression of MetRS and JAK2/STAT5 signalling pathway, and improved squab growth. Experiment 2 showed that crop development, crop milk protein synthesis and the protein expression of MetRS and the JAK2/STAT5 signalling pathway were decreased, and squab growth was inhibited by the injection of 1·0 mg/kg body weight REP8839, which was the selected dose for the third experiment. Experiment 3 showed that Met supplementation increased crop development, crop milk protein synthesis and the expression of MetRS and JAK2/STAT5 signalling pathway and rescued squab growth after the injection of REP8839. Moreover, the co-immunoprecipitation results showed that there was an interaction between MetRS and JAK2. Taken together, these findings indicate that MetRS mediates Met-induced crop milk protein synthesis via the JAK2/STAT5 signalling pathway, resulting in improved squab growth in breeding pigeons.

In 2018, an Ionplus 200 kV MIni-CArbon DAting System (MICADAS) accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) was installed at the Laboratory of AMS Dating and the Environment, Nanjing University (NJU-AMS Laboratory), China. The NJU-AMS Laboratory is largely devoted to research on radiocarbon dating and 14C analysis in fields of earth, environmental and archaeological sciences. The laboratory has successfully employed various pretreatment methods, including routine pretreatment of tree rings, buried wood and subfossil wood, seeds, charcoal, pollen concentrates, organic matter, and shells. In this study, operational status of the NJU-AMS is presented, and results of radiocarbon measurements made on different sample types are reported. Measurements on international standards, references of known age, and blank samples demonstrate that the NJU-AMS runs stably and has good reproducibility on measurement of single samples. The facility is capable of measuring 14C in samples with the precision and accuracy that meet the requirements for investigating annual 14C changes, history-prehistory age dating, and Late Quaternary stratigraphic chronology research.

Understanding and controlling fluid entrapment during forced imbibition in porous media is crucial for many natural and industrial applications. However, the microscale physics and macroscopic consequences of fluid entrapment in these geometric-confined porous media remain poorly understood. Here, we introduce a novel multidepth microfluidic chip, which can mitigate the depth confinement of traditional two-dimensional (2-D) microfluidic chips and mimic the wide pore size distribution as natural-occurring three-dimensional (3-D) porous media. Based on microfluidic experiments and direct numerical simulations, we observe the fluid-entrapment scenarios and elucidate the underlying complex interaction between geometric confinement, capillary number and wettability. Increasing depth variation can promote fluid entrapment, whereas increasing capillary number and contact angle yield the opposite effect, which seemingly contradicts conventional expectations in traditional 2-D microfluidic chips. The fluid-entrapment scenario in depth-variable microfluidic chips stems from microscopic interfacial phenomena, classified as snap-off and bypass events. We provide theoretical analyses of these pore-scale events and validate corresponding phase diagrams numerically. It is shown that increasing depth variation triggers snap-off and bypass events. Conversely, a higher capillary number suppresses snap-off events under strong imbibition, and an increased contact angle inhibits bypass events under imbibition. These macroscopic imbibition patterns in microfluidic porous media can be linked with these pore-scale events by improved dynamic pore-network models. Our findings bridge the understanding of forced imbibition between 2-D and 3-D porous media and provide design principles for newly engineered porous media with respect to their desired imbibition behaviours.

Giant coronary aneurysm with ventricular fistula is rare. Due to the limited data from randomised clinical trials, therapeutic strategies for coronary aneurysms predominantly rely on on case series and anecdotal evidences. Reporting cases that provide practical experience in managing these aneurysms is therefore crucial. In this article, we report a rare case of a successful surgical management for a thrombosed giant left coronary aneurysm with right ventricular fistula, which is larger than any previously reported cases.

In order to determine whether Taenia solium can be maintained in the laboratory using rodents as definitive hosts, six nude rats, 20 immunosuppressed Mongolian gerbils and 20 immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters were each inoculated through a stomach tube with three cysticerci recovered from SCID mice. No adult worms of T. solium were found in the intestinal tract of any of these 46 rodents. In addition, five immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters were fed with the same number of cysticerci enclosed in rodent muscles from SCID mice. Two of these hamsters were found to be infected 40 days post-infection, each harbouring a sexually developed worm in the intestinal tract. Although no eggs were produced, prepatent infections may be possible if a longer time was allowed for worm development. Moreover, the maintenance of the life cycle of T. solium in the laboratory using the rodent model can be established.

Normal and immunosuppressed mice were infected with oncospheres of Taenia saginata asiatica and T. solium. Although normal ICR mice were not susceptible to these two parasites, cysticerci were recovered from the immunosuppressed ones following venous injection. For T. s. asiatica, immunosuppressed ICR mice had an infection rate of 12.5% and six cysticerci of this parasite were recovered from three males. After injection of T. solium oncospheres, a high infection rate of 57% was obtained and 23 cysticerci were collected from 13 male immunosuppressed ICR mice. The immunosuppressed C57 mice had the highest infection rate (100%) and cysticercus recovery rate (2.4%) for T. solium. The infection rate and cysticercus recovery rate in six normal C57 mice were 40% and 3% respectively. The immunosuppressed ICR, Balb/c and C3H mice were also susceptible to T. s. asiatica.