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Page 1 of 11

  • Chapter One - What Is Global about Pro Bono and What Is Global Pro Bono About?
  • Edited by Scott L. Cummings, University of California, Los Angeles, Fabio de Sa e Silva, Louise G. Trubek, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Book: Global Pro Bono
  • Published online: 06 May 2022
  • Print publication: 07 April 2022, pp 1-74
  • View extract

    Summary

    The principle and practice of pro bono – volunteer legal services for poor and other marginalized groups – is an increasingly important feature of justice systems around the world. A quarter century ago, organized pro bono programs were a rarity in the United States and virtually nonexistent elsewhere. Now, in contrast, pro bono has become widely diffused and institutionally central in a growing number of countries throughout the Global North and Global South. In a sign of pro bono’s increasing international profile, PILNet (the Network for Public Interest Law), a key sponsor of the global pro bono movement, has hosted Pro Bono Forums across continents (ten in Europe and five in Asia), bringing together law firm pro bono coordinators, civil society partners, and representatives from more than fifty pro bono organizations in countries as diverse as Indonesia and Italy. In 2013, the Global Pro Bono Network was founded as a consortium of pro bono intermediaries and now includes 52 organizations in 34 countries. A 2016 survey of large-firm pro bono, covering 64,500 lawyers from 130 law firms in 75 countries, showed lawyers contributed 2.5 million pro bono hours over a 12-month period, with an annual average of 39.2 hours per lawyer. Once confined to the professional margins, pro bono now occupies a central position in the global access-to-justice movement.

Global Pro Bono
  • Global Pro Bono
  • Causes, Context, and Contestation
  • Edited by Scott L. Cummings, Fabio de Sa e Silva, Louise G. Trubek
  • Published online: 06 May 2022
  • Print publication: 07 April 2022
  • View description
    The principle and practice of pro bono, or volunteer legal services for the poor and other marginalized groups, is an increasingly important feature of justice systems around the world. Pro bono initiatives now exist in more than eighty countries – including Colombia, Portugal, Nigeria, and Singapore – and the list keeps growing. Covering the spread of pro bono across five continents, this book provides a unique data set permitting the first-ever comparative analysis of pro bono's growing role in the access to justice movement. The contributors are leading experts from around the world, whose chapters examine both the internal roots of and global influences on pro bono in transnational context. Global Pro Bono explores the dramatically expanding geographical and political reach of pro bono: documenting its essential contribution to bringing more justice to those on the margins, while underscoring its complex and contested meaning in different parts of the world.
  • Associations between the composition of functional tooth units and nutrient intake in older men: the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project
  • Kate Milledge, Robert G Cumming, Frederick AC Wright, Vasi Naganathan, Fiona M Blyth, David G Le Couteur, Louise M Waite, David J Handelsman, Vasant Hirani
  • Journal: Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 18 / December 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 August 2021, pp. 6335-6345
    • Article
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    Objective:

    Inadequate nutrient intakes have been linked with poor dentition in older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the composition of functional tooth units (FTU) and nutrient intakes in older men.

    Design:

    A cross-sectional study with a standardised validated diet history assessment and comprehensive oral health assessments. FTU were categorised by dentition type: (i) Group A (Natural FTU Only), (ii) Group B (Natural and Replaced FTU) and (iii) Group C (No Natural FTU). Attainment of nutrient reference values (NRV) for sixteen micronutrients was incorporated into a micronutrient risk variable, dichotomised ‘good’ (≥ 12) or ‘poor’ (≤ 11), and for seven macronutrients into a macronutrient risk variable, dichotomised ‘good’ (≥ 5) or ‘poor’ (≤ 4).

    Setting:

    Subjects selected from the local Sydney geographical areas.

    Participants:

    Community-dwelling older men (n 608).

    Results:

    32 % (n 197) of participants were categorised as Group A, 27 % (n 167) as Group B and 40 % (n 244) as Group C. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, being in Group C, compared with Group A, was associated with intakes below NRV recommendations for fibre (OR: 2·30, 95 % CI 1·30, 4·05). Adjusted analysis also showed that men in Group C, compared with Group A, were more likely to have poor intake of macronutrients (OR: 2·00, 95 % CI 1·01, 3·94).

    Conclusions:

    Our study shows statistically significant associations between the composition of FTU and poor macronutrient intakes. Maintaining natural pairs of occluding FTU may be important for attaining adequate nutrient intakes in older men.

  • Associations between nutrient intakes and dietary patterns with different sarcopenia definitions in older Australian men: the concord health and ageing in men project
  • Arpita Das, Robert G Cumming, Vasi Naganathan, Fiona Blyth, David G Le Couteur, David J Handelsman, Louise M Waite, Rosilene V Ribeiro, Stephen J Simpson, Vasant Hirani
  • Journal: Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 14 / October 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 October 2020, pp. 4490-4505
    • Article
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    Objective:

    To assess the associations between nutrient intake and dietary patterns with different sarcopenia definitions in older men.

    Design:

    Cross-sectional study.

    Setting:

    Sarcopenia was defined using the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH), the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). Dietary adequacy of fourteen nutrients was assessed by comparing participants’ intakes with the Nutrient Reference Values (NRV). Attainment of NRV for nutrients was incorporated into a variable ‘poor’ (meeting ≤ 9) v. ‘good’ (meeting ≥ 10) using the cut-point method. Also, two different dietary patterns, monounsaturated:saturated fat and n-6:n-3 fatty acids ratio and individual nutrients were used as predictor variables.

    Participants:

    A total of 794 men aged ≥75 years participated in this study.

    Results:

    The prevalence of sarcopenia by the FNIH, EWGSOP and EWGSOP2 definitions was 12·9 %, 12·9 % and 19·6 %, respectively. With the adjustment, poor nutrient intake was significantly associated with FNIH-defined sarcopenia (OR: 2·07 (95 % CI 1·16, 3·67)), but not with EWGSOP and EWGSPOP2 definitions. The lowest and second-lowest quartiles of protein, Mg and Ca and the lowest quartiles of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA intakes were significantly associated with FNIH-defined sarcopenia. Each unit decrease in n-6:n-3 ratio was significantly associated with a 9 % increased risk of FNIH-defined sarcopenia (OR: 1·09 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·16)).

    Conclusions:

    Inadequate intakes of nutrients are associated with FNIH-defined sarcopenia in older men, but not with the other two sarcopenia definitions. Further studies are required to understand these relationships.

  • 8 - Multiple Sclerosis
  • Louise Cummings, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
  • Book: Language in Dementia
  • Published online: 18 September 2020
  • Print publication: 01 October 2020, pp 193-220
  • View extract

    Summary

    This chapter examines multiple sclerosis (MS), including its epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, prognosis, and cognitive profile. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are primarily concerned with speech, language, hearing, voice, fluency, and swallowing in adults with neurodegenerative disorders and how each of these functions may be compromised by cognitive impairment. These aspects of communication are addressed at length in the language and communication profile of MS. Language is examined under the following levels: phonology; morphology and syntax; vocabulary and semantics; and pragmatics and discourse. Speech-language pathologists must assess and treat clients with MS. The techniques and approaches they employ in their work are addressed under SLP management.

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