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16 results

  • 11 - Environmental contaminants and reproductive and fertility effects in the male
  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book: Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
  • Published online: 23 February 2010
  • Print publication: 28 January 2010, pp -
  • View abstract

    Summary

    The ovarian hormones stimulate the development of the reproductive system, induce the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and promote a receptive endometrium for the growth and development of the proconceptus. The development of the ovary is dependent on local and endocrine factors that can be the target of endocrine disruptors. The T-shaped uterus seen in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) could represent a narrow and more branched structure, similar to the structure of the fallopian tube. Müllerian development is dependent on coordinated gene expression and hormone exposure. The genes that control normal patterning of the reproductive tract are beginning to be identified. The most important hormones regulating mammary gland development are estrogen and progesterone. During pregnancy and lactation, prolactin contributes to lobular differentiation and milk production. Estrogen and progesterone play a fundamental role during puberty to develop a normal adult breast.
  • 17 - Conclusions – what does all this mean, and where are we going?
  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book: Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
  • Published online: 23 February 2010
  • Print publication: 28 January 2010, pp -
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter focuses on the mechanisms by which environmental exposures can induce endocrine disruption. It highlights the mechanisms that play important roles in developmental programming. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which mimic the activity of endogenous hormones and activate receptors are termed agonists, whereas those that inhibit receptor activity are termed antagonists. During the perinatal period programming of the endocrine axis occurs, making this a vulnerable period of exposure to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Among the endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), xenoestrogens have garnered a significant amount of attention due to the well-known effects of the xenoestrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) in humans, and the identification of many other estrogenic anthropogenic chemicals. Metabolism plays a key role in maintaining hormone homeostasis. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can disturb normal hormone homeostasis, which can have both direct and indirect effects on the reproductive function of both wildlife and human populations.
Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
  • Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, Sarah J. Janssen, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, Linda C. Giudice
  • Published online: 23 February 2010
  • Print publication: 28 January 2010
  • View description
    Many reproductive and developmental health problems are caused by exposure to chemicals that are widely dispersed in our environment. These problems include infertility, miscarriage, poor pregnancy outcomes, abnormal fetal development, early puberty, endometriosis, and diseases and cancers of reproductive organs. The compelling nature of the collective science has resulted in recognition of a new field of environmental reproductive health. Focusing on exposures to environmental contaminants, particularly during critical periods in development and their potential effects on all aspects of future reproductive life-course, this book provides the first comprehensive source of information bringing together the arguments that are spread out among various scientific disciplines in environmental health, clinical and public health fields. It provides a review of the science in key areas of the relationship between environmental contaminants and reproductive health outcomes, and recommendations on efforts toward prevention in clinical care and public policy.
  • 13 - Environmental contaminants and related systems that have implications for reproduction
  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book: Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
  • Published online: 23 February 2010
  • Print publication: 28 January 2010, pp -
  • View extract

    Summary

    This chapter talks about three systems that have implications for reproduction: the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. These three systems play unique roles in enabling the organism to adapt to diverse stimuli. The chapter provides evidence that neuroendocrine systems of the brain are targets of environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), the consequences of exposure to which are dysfunctions in endocrinology and reproduction. A large number of contaminants commonly found in human tissues are known to be thyroid toxicants. The chapter provides a description of the thyroid hormone signaling system and its regulation, and the potential impact on reproduction of environmental endocrine disruptors. Immune responses are classified as innate or adaptive. Subpopulations of cells from the innate and adaptive arms of the immune systems participate in regulating immune response via soluble mediators that suppress cell function, including inappropriate responses to self antigens.
  • 1. - Introduction
  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book: Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
  • Published online: 23 February 2010
  • Print publication: 28 January 2010, pp -
  • View extract

    Summary

    This is the introductory chapter of the book, which provides a review of the science in key areas of the relationship between environmental contaminants and reproductive and developmental health for students and practitioners in the fields of public health, environmental health and research, and medical and allied health professional training. Environmental reproductive health focuses on exposures to environmental contaminants, and their potential effects on all aspects of future reproductive health throughout the life course, including conception, fertility, pregnancy, child and adolescent development, and adult health. The book focuses on the role of/implications for/potential effects of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and subsequent reproductive and developmental outcomes. It brings together the core environmental health sciences that form a foundation of information from which to join with other disciplines and partners in related health, social, community, legal, and policy fields to explain the relationship between environmental contaminants and reproductive and developmental health.
  • 3. - Development and maturation of the normal female reproductive system
  • Edited by Tracey J. Woodruff, University of California, San Francisco, Sarah J. Janssen, University of California, San Francisco, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, University of Florida, Linda C. Giudice, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book: Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
  • Published online: 23 February 2010
  • Print publication: 28 January 2010, pp -
  • View extract

    Summary

    The ovarian hormones stimulate the development of the reproductive system, induce the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and promote a receptive endometrium for the growth and development of the proconceptus. The development of the ovary is dependent on local and endocrine factors that can be the target of endocrine disruptors. The T-shaped uterus seen in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) could represent a narrow and more branched structure, similar to the structure of the fallopian tube. Müllerian development is dependent on coordinated gene expression and hormone exposure. The genes that control normal patterning of the reproductive tract are beginning to be identified. The most important hormones regulating mammary gland development are estrogen and progesterone. During pregnancy and lactation, prolactin contributes to lobular differentiation and milk production. Estrogen and progesterone play a fundamental role during puberty to develop a normal adult breast.
  • Forewords
    • By Thomas M. Krummel, Professor and Chair Department of Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Susan B. Ford Surgeon in Chief Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Palo Alto, CA, Linda C. Giudice, The Robert B. Jaffe Professor and Chair Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine San Francisco, CA, Carmel J. Cohen, Professor of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Division of Gynecologic Oncology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Columbia University Medical Center New York, NY, Jonathan S. Berek, Professor and Chair Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA, Alan H. DeCherney, Professor and Chairman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, H. C. Mult Kurt Semm, Alan H. DeCherney, Louis E. Phaneuf Professor and Chairman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tufts University Boston, MA, Yona Tadir, Department of Surgery Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic Irvine, CA
  • Camran Nezhat, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Farr Nezhat, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Ceana Nezhat
  • Book: Nezhat's Operative Gynecologic Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy
  • Published online: 23 December 2009
  • Print publication: 07 July 2008, pp xiii-xx
  • View extract

    Summary

    Progress in surgical science has been characterized by a continuous cycle of innovation from bedside to bench and back to bedside. Beginning 30,000 years ago with the first bone needles to the current armamentarium today, each quantum leap has resulted from the convergence of technical advances and creative surgeons.

    Some surgical capability has been enhanced by relatively simple or more complex tool manufacture or modification, usually for a single purpose. Kocher's addition of a tooth to a straight clamp facilitated the grasping of a thyroid goiter; the more modern fixed-ring retractors have added considerable utility in abdominal retraction.

    A few very special tools or techniques revolutionize our work. The development of the simple balloon catheter by Fogarty was the seminal event in initiating the concept of all endovascular procedures, beginning with the procedure of intra-luminal thrombectomy. It has expanded to balloon dilatation, angioplasty, stent placement, and now drug delivery systems in the form of drug-eluting stents.

    Dr. Camran Nezhat's creative and ingenious contribution to the field of laparoscopic surgery has been similarly revolutionary. Operating off the video monitor during endoscopic surgery by the addition of a video camera to the laparoscope as developed by Camran Nezhat was a critical step in facilitating the entire field of minimal access surgery, moving it out of its initial realm in gynecologic and pelvic surgery to the entire abdomen, the chest, and beyond.

  • 10 - ENDOMETRIOSIS
  • Camran Nezhat, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Farr Nezhat, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Ceana Nezhat
  • Book: Nezhat's Operative Gynecologic Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy
  • Published online: 23 December 2009
  • Print publication: 07 July 2008, pp 251-303
  • View extract

    Summary

    Endometriosis is classically defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in ectopic locations. Affecting from 6% to 10% of reproductive-aged women, endometriosis may result in dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and/or subfertility. The prevalence of this condition in women experiencing pain, infertility, or both is as high as 50%. Endometriosis is a debilitating condition, posing quality-of-life issues for the individual patient. The disorder represents a major cause of gynecologic hospitalization in the United States, estimated to have exceeded $3 billion in inpatient health care costs in 2004 alone. The significant individual and public health concerns associated with endometriosis underscore the importance of understanding its pathogenesis. The first recorded description of pathology consistent with endometriosis was provided by Shroen in 1690. Despite the passage of time and extensive investigation, the exact pathogenesis of this enigmatic disorder remains unknown.

    THEORIES REGARDING PATHOGENESIS

    Numerous theories detailing the development of endometriosis have been described. For purposes of review, these theories can generally be classified into those that propose that implants arise from tissues other than the endometrium and those that propose that implants arise from uterine endometrium (Table 10.1.1).

    Nonendometrial Origin

    Metaplasia of coelomic epithelium represents a distinct pathogenic mechanism for the establishment of endometriotic implants.