This serial work presents a linear-time-invariance (LTI) notion to the Koopman analysis, finding consistent and physically meaningful Koopman modes and addressing a long-standing problem of fluid mechanics: deterministically relating the fluid excitations and corresponding structure reactions. Part 1 (Li et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 34, no. 12, p. 125136) developed the Koopman-LTI architecture and applied it to a pedagogical prism wake. By a systematic analytical procedure, the Koopman-LTI generated sampling-independent linear models that captured all the recurring dynamics embedded in the input data, finding six corresponding, orthogonal, and in-synch fluid–structure mechanisms. This Part 2 analyses the six modal duplets to underpin their physical implications, providing a phenomenological analysis of the subcritical prism wake. Visualizing the newly proposed dynamic Koopman modes, results show that two mechanisms at St1 = 0.1242 and St5 = 0.0497 describe shear layer dynamics, the associated Bérnard–Kármán shedding and turbulence production, which together overwhelm the upstream and crosswind walls by instigating a reattachment-type of reaction. The on-wind walls’ dynamical similarity renders them a spectrally unified fluid–structure interface. Another four harmonic counterparts, namely the subharmonic at St7 = 0.0683, the second harmonic at St3 = 0.2422, and two ultra-harmonics at St7 = 0.1739 and St13 = 0.1935, govern the downstream wall. Finally, this work discovered the vortex breathing phenomenon, describing the constant energy exchange in the wake's circulation-entrainment-deposition processes. With the Koopman-LTI, one may pinpoint the exact excitations responsible for a specific structure reaction, benefiting future investigations into fluid–structure interactions and nonlinear, stochastic systems.

This study explored the latent profiles of self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies (cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational regulation) endorsed by Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) readers in a high-stakes testing environment, and also their associations with individual factors (gender, grade, reading proficiency, and motivational beliefs). With a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, students in grades 11 and 12 (n = 1,113) completed a reading comprehension test and a questionnaire regarding their strategy use and individual factors, and some (n = 16) were randomly selected for follow-up semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed three SRL profiles, characterized by high, medium, and low levels of SRL-strategy use. Self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation most powerfully predicted an individual’s profile membership; all the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation variables were significantly higher for learners from the higher strategy-use profile. Moreover, reading proficiency did not significantly predict profile membership, but more self-regulated students still achieved higher reading scores as a group tendency.

Pioneered by the US, recent mega-regional trade agreements such as the CPTPP have incorporated ‘regulatory coherence’ provisions—mirroring the US Administrative Procedural Act's core designs—to balance between domestic regulatory autonomy and international cooperation. Building upon existing literature that traces the trajectories of the diffusion of regulatory coherence across jurisdictions, this article analyses how Australia's constitutional tradition could effectively condition the development of regulatory coherence in a Westminster-based model of governance. It is argued that the global entrenchment of regulatory coherence is contingent upon the inherent boundary defined by the political dynamics and constitutional structures within a jurisdiction.

We develop a new methodology to assess the streamwise inclination angles (SIAs) of the wall-attached eddies populating the logarithmic region with a given wall-normal height. To remove the influences originating from other scales on the SIA estimated via two-point correlation, the footprints of the targeted eddies in the vicinity of the wall and the corresponding streamwise velocity fluctuations carried by them are isolated simultaneously, by coupling the spectral stochastic estimation with the attached-eddy hypothesis. Datasets produced with direct numerical simulations spanning $Re_{\tau } \sim O(10^2)\unicode{x2013}O(10^3)$ are dissected to study the Reynolds number effect. The present results show, for the first time, that the SIAs of attached eddies are Reynolds-number-dependent in low and medium Reynolds numbers, and tend to saturate at $45^{\circ }$ as the Reynolds number increases. The mean SIA reported by vast previous experimental studies are demonstrated to be the outcomes of the additive effect contributed by multi-scale attached eddies. These findings clarify the long-term debate and perfect the picture of the attached-eddy model.

Ahsan, Sinha, and Srinivasan (2020) studied the motives of knowledge-intensive Indian firms’ international expansion based on resource-based considerations and the locational advantages offered by host countries. They identified firm characteristics associated with strategic asset-seeking, opportunity-seeking, and market-seeking motives. In this replication study, we examine Ahsan et al.'s (2020) model in the Chinese context. Based on our improved empirical model, our findings reveal some similarities but more importantly some key differences in the antecedents of internationalization motives between Indian and Chinese firms. Drawing on insights from prior studies, we propose that these differences can be attributed to differences in absorptive capacity, international expansion scales and patterns, ownership type, and the home institutional contexts in which Indian and Chinese firms operate. Overall, this replication study demonstrates the importance of contextualizing international business research.

The inner–outer interaction model (Marusic et al., Science, vol. 329, 2010, pp. 193–196) and the attached-eddy model (Townsend, Cambridge University Press, 1976) are two fundamental models describing the multiscale turbulence interactions and the organization of energy-containing motions in the logarithmic region of high-Reynolds-number wall-bounded turbulence, respectively. In this paper, by coupling the additive description with the attached-eddy model, the generation process of streamwise wall-shear fluctuations, resulting from wall-attached eddies, is portrayed. Then, by resorting to the inner–outer interaction model, the streamwise wall-shear stress fluctuations generated by attached eddies in a turbulent channel flow are isolated. Direct comparison between the statistics from these two models demonstrates that they are consistent with and complement each other. Meanwhile, we further show that the superpositions of attached eddies follow an additive process strictly by verifying the validity of the strong and extended self-similarity. Moreover, we propose a Gaussian model to characterize the instantaneous distribution of streamwise wall-shear stress, resulting from the attached-eddy superpositions. These findings are important for developing an advanced reduced-order wall model.

We construct two types of unital separable simple $C^*$ -algebras: $A_z^{C_1}$ and $A_z^{C_2}$ , one exact but not amenable, the other nonexact. Both have the same Elliott invariant as the Jiang–Su algebra – namely, $A_z^{C_i}$ has a unique tracial state,

$$ \begin{align*} \left(K_0\left(A_z^{C_i}\right), K_0\left(A_z^{C_i}\right)_+, \left[1_{A_z^{C_i}} \right]\right)=(\mathbb{Z}, \mathbb{Z}_+,1), \end{align*} $$

and $K_{1}\left (A_z^{C_i}\right )=\{0\}$ ( $i=1,2$ ). We show that $A_z^{C_i}$ ( $i=1,2$ ) is essentially tracially in the class of separable ${\mathscr Z}$ -stable $C^*$ -algebras of nuclear dimension $1$ . $A_z^{C_i}$ has stable rank one, strict comparison for positive elements and no $2$ -quasitrace other than the unique tracial state. We also produce models of unital separable simple nonexact (exact but not nuclear) $C^*$ -algebras which are essentially tracially in the class of simple separable nuclear ${\mathscr Z}$ -stable $C^*$ -algebras, and the models exhaust all possible weakly unperforated Elliott invariants. We also discuss some basic properties of essential tracial approximation.

Mars exploration motivates the search for extraterrestrial life, the development of space technologies, and the design of human missions and habitations. Here, we seek new insights and pose unresolved questions relating to the natural history of Mars, habitability, robotic and human exploration, planetary protection, and the impacts on human society. Key observations and findings include:

1. – high escape rates of early Mars' atmosphere, including loss of water, impact present-day habitability;

2. – putative fossils on Mars will likely be ambiguous biomarkers for life;

3. – microbial contamination resulting from human habitation is unavoidable; and

4. – based on Mars' current planetary protection category, robotic payload(s) should characterize the local martian environment for any life-forms prior to human habitation.

Some of the outstanding questions are:

1. – which interpretation of the hemispheric dichotomy of the planet is correct;

2. – to what degree did deep-penetrating faults transport subsurface liquids to Mars' surface;

3. – in what abundance are carbonates formed by atmospheric processes;

4. – what properties of martian meteorites could be used to constrain their source locations;

5. – the origin(s) of organic macromolecules;

6. – was/is Mars inhabited;

7. – how can missions designed to uncover microbial activity in the subsurface eliminate potential false positives caused by microbial contaminants from Earth;

8. – how can we ensure that humans and microbes form a stable and benign biosphere; and

9. – should humans relate to putative extraterrestrial life from a biocentric viewpoint (preservation of all biology), or anthropocentric viewpoint of expanding habitation of space?

Studies of Mars' evolution can shed light on the habitability of extrasolar planets. In addition, Mars exploration can drive future policy developments and confirm (or put into question) the feasibility and/or extent of human habitability of space.