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The parents of John Wesley, Samuel and Susanna (nee Annesley), were raised in Puritan dissent, although both made their way back to the Church of England as young people. Deeply principled in many respects, Samuel and Susanna created a family environment at the Epworth rectory in Lincolnshire that eventually produced three priests for the church they so loved. John Wesley was born in Epworth on June 17, 1703 (according to the Julian calendar), and was the fifteenth of eighteen or nineteen children. Something of a disciplinarian, Susanna Wesley believed that conquering the will of her children was the only strong foundation for a religious education. When this was done properly, the child could then be governed by the reason and piety of its parents until its own understanding came to fruition. Susanna had many opportunities to exercise strong leadership in the family and she cared for her children according to rule and method. Six hours a day were spent at school where instruction was serious and thorough and where loud talking and boisterous playing were strictly forbidden.
Autonomic disorders in old age can be attributed to several main features associated with aging: the intrinsic neurobiological changes that occur with age, degenerative changes in effector organs innervated by autonomic nerves, and secondary involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in disease processes. As in most areas of clinical geriatrics, the distinction between disorders ascribed to ‘normal’ aging and those attributable to diseases of old age is difficult to make with any degree of certainty. Neurobiological changes with age have become the subject of intense investigation in recent years, with improvements in techniques for assessing autonomic nerve structure and function. This has included a better understanding of neurotransmitter and receptor transformations during development and aging. The versatility of the ANS, or ‘plasticity’, involves interactions with target organs, e.g. via nerve growth factor (NGF) and with other neurons, and it is as vital to the mature and aging autonomic neuron as it is during development. Some neurotrophic features of aging in the ANS and in disease processes in old age are considered in this paper.
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