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105 results

Page 1 of 6

  • Foreword

  • James Hoare, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Book:
    East Asia Observed
    Published by:
    Amsterdam University Press
    Published online:
    22 February 2024
    Print publication:
    20 October 2023, pp xi-xx

  • Summary

    Our careers are a mixture of necessity, happenstance, and design. Some have it easier than others, but our life experiences, be they trials and tribulations or the need to change direction as we take on family or other responsibilities, including those that come with our jobs, always offer potential for personal development. It is up to us whether we take advantage of the hand we are dealt, even if it takes us along paths that we do not expect. We are, indeed, fortunate that Jim followed the meander that he did. He would have been a very different scholar had he spent his career in academia, but, equally, he would have been a very different diplomat had he not written a PhD thesis on Japanese treaty ports during the Meiji era.

    There have been few academic posts in East Asian subjects until recently, resulting in some of our best scholars having to traverse circuitous routes as they develop the expertise for which they come to be appreciated. Jim renders meaningless our custom of pigeonholing those who we rely on for bringing us knowledge of the East Asian region into a single category, as an academic, a diplomat, or an expert commentator. Indeed, he slots neatly into all three of these categories, and more. It comes as no surprise that he dislikes the ‘scholar-diplomat’ label, because that too readily dilutes one element at the expense of the other. We admire his writing, and his interventions at symposia and conferences, precisely because he refuses to slot neatly into our expectations of what such categories mean. And, since his retirement from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, he has also enjoyed a late career as expert commentator, one that would have been likely to incur the wrath of government during his diplomatic career. Not that we should really consider him a normal diplomat, since his day job was as a member of the FCO Research Department (now Research Analysts), and from there he took postings to Seoul, Beijing and Pyongyang. In fact, in ‘Diplomacy in the East’ (2007), he remarks that his only training in diplomacy was his PhD training.

  • Memory, Knowledge, and Experience: North Koreans in Britain Reflect on the Music and Dance of Their Distant Homeland

  • KEITH HOWARD, CHOLONG SUNG
  • Journal:
    Yearbook for Traditional Music / Volume 55 / Issue 2 / December 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 October 2023, pp. 95-120
    Print publication:
    December 2023
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  • This article reflects on the knowledge and experience of North Korean music and dance among North Koreans who now reside in Britain. In particular, we explore their memories from before they escaped the isolated so-called socialist paradise. North Koreans mostly arrived in Britain between 2004 and 2008; they arrived as refugees and applied for asylum. Although the last four decades has seen much ethnomusicological research on music and migration, we remain mindful of Reyes Schramm’s argument about the importance of studying refugee music to better understand music traditions. As with other parts of the world, though, today there are a multitude of online and published materials on North Korea, including on music and dance, most emanating from the country. Given that there are few if any opportunities to conduct fieldwork inside the country, researchers typically use the available materials to construct accounts. But to what extent do the memories of North Koreans who are resident in Britain contrast and challenge the online and published materials?

  • Musical instruments as tangible cultural heritage and as/for intangible cultural heritage

  • Keith Howard
  • Journal:
    International Journal of Cultural Property / Volume 29 / Issue 1 / February 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 September 2022, pp. 23-44
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  • Musical instruments are central components of both the tangible and intangible heritage. However, discourse about music as intangible cultural heritage frequently overlooks the importance of instruments in conserving traditions inherited from the past and making live performance possible in the present, while curating instruments as tangible heritage often neglects their function for making music. This article explores two interrelated research questions about musical instruments as heritage. First, should instrument-crafting skills inherited from the past be sustained today, and, where industrial or mechanized manufacturing processes and the development of instruments is encouraged, what are the implications for sustaining music traditions? Second, given that instruments as crafted objects deteriorate over time, should instruments inherited from the past be displayed as objects, be restored to playing condition, or be updated and developed for contemporary use? To explore these questions, I take three case studies that juxtapose musical instruments from opposite sides of the world and from societies with very different philosophical and ideological approaches. The three case studies are Britain’s piano heritage, traditional Korean instruments (kugakki) in the Republic of Korea/South Korea, and “national” instruments (minjok akki) in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea/North Korea. Based on fieldwork, ethnography, and collecting and curating work, my choice of case studies allows me to look at both the country I call home (Britain) and the region where I have researched matters musical for 40 years (the Korean peninsula). But the case studies also demonstrate that there is no single answer to questions about the role of musical instruments when (and if) instruments are recognized as both tangible and intangible heritage.

  • Correlates of a southern diet pattern in a national cohort study of blacks and whites: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study

  • Catharine A Couch, Marquita S Gray, James M Shikany, Virginia J Howard, George Howard, D Leann Long, Leslie A McClure, Jennifer J Manly, Mary Cushman, Neil A Zakai, Keith E Pearson, Emily B Levitan, Suzanne E Judd
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 126 / Issue 12 / 28 December 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    26 February 2021, pp. 1904-1910
    Print publication:
    28 December 2021
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  • The Southern dietary pattern, derived within the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort, is characterised by high consumption of added fats, fried food, organ meats, processed meats and sugar-sweetened beverages and is associated with increased risk of several chronic diseases. The aim of the present study was to identify characteristics of individuals with high adherence to this dietary pattern. We analysed data from REGARDS, a national cohort of 30 239 black and white adults ≥45 years of age living in the USA. Dietary data were collected using the Block 98 FFQ. Multivariable linear regression was used to calculate standardised beta coefficients across all covariates for the entire sample and stratified by race and region. We included 16 781 participants with complete dietary data. Among these, 34·6 % were black, 45·6 % male, 55·2 % resided in stroke belt region and the average age was 65 years. Black race was the factor with the largest magnitude of association with the Southern dietary pattern (Δ = 0·76 sd, P < 0·0001). Large differences in Southern dietary pattern adherence were observed between black participants and white participants in the stroke belt and non-belt (stroke belt Δ = 0·75 sd, non-belt Δ = 0·77 sd). There was a high consumption of the Southern dietary pattern in the US black population, regardless of other factors, underlying our previous findings showing the substantial contribution of this dietary pattern to racial disparities in incident hypertension and stroke.

  • Guest Editors’ Preface

  • KEITH HOWARD, TAN SOOI BENG
  • Journal:
    Yearbook for Traditional Music / Volume 52 / November 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 December 2020, pp. xi-xiv
    Print publication:
    November 2020
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  • Predicting self-harm in prisoners: Risk factors and a prognostic model in a cohort of 542 prison entrants

  • Howard Ryland, Charlotte Gould, Tristan McGeorge, Keith Hawton, Seena Fazel
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 63 / Issue 1 / 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 April 2020, e42
    • Article
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  • Background.

    Self-harm is common in prisoners. There is an association between self-harm in prisoners and subsequent suicide, both within prison and on release. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a prediction model to identify male prisoners at high risk of self-harm.

    Methods.

    We developed an 11-item screening model, based on risk factors identified from the literature. This screen was administered to 542 prisoners within 7 days of arrival in two male prisons in England. Participants were followed up for 6 months to identify those who subsequently self-harmed in prison. Analysis was conducted using Cox proportional hazard regression. Discrimination and calibration were determined for the model. The model was subsequently optimized using multivariable analysis, weighting variables, and dropping poorly performing items.

    Results.

    Seventeen (3.1%) of the participants self-harmed during follow up (median 53 days). The strongest risk factors were previous self-harm in prison (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 9.3 [95% CI: 3.3–16.6]) and current suicidal ideation (aHR = 7.6 [2.1–27.4]). As a continuous score, a one-point increase in the suicide screen was significantly associated with self-harm (HR = 1.4, 1.1–1.7). At the prespecified cut off score of 5, the screening model was associated with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.66 (0.53–0.79), with poor calibration. The optimized model saw two items dropped from the original screening tool, weighting of risk factors based on a multivariable model, and an AUC of 0.84 (0.76–0.92).

    Conclusions.

    Further work is necessary to clarify the association between risk factors and self-harm in prison. Despite good face validity, current screening tools for self-harm need validation in new prison samples.

  • Baseline characteristics and treatment-emergent risk factors associated with cerebrovascular event and death with risperidone in dementia patients

  • Robert Howard, Sergi G. Costafreda, Keith Karcher, Danielle Coppola, Jesse A. Berlin, David Hough
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 209 / Issue 5 / November 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 378-384
    Print publication:
    November 2016
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  • Background

    Use of antipsychotics to treat behavioural symptoms of dementia has been associated with increased risks of mortality and stroke. Little is known about individual patient characteristics that might be associated with bad or good outcomes.

    Aims

    We examined the risperidone clinical trial data to look for individual patient characteristics associated with these adverse outcomes.

    Method

    Data from all double-blind randomised controlled trials of risperidone in dementia patients (risperidone n = 1009, placebo n = 712) were included. Associations between characteristics and outcome were analysed based on crude incidences and exposure-adjusted incidence rates, and by time-to-event analyses using Cox proportional hazards regression. Interactions between treatment (risperidone or placebo) and characteristic were analysed with a Cox proportional hazards regression model with main effects for treatment and characteristic in addition to the interaction term.

    Results

    Baseline complications of depression (treatment by risk factor interaction on cerebrovascular adverse event (CVAE) hazard ratio (HR): P = 0.025) and delusions (P = 0.043) were associated with a lower relative risk of CVAE in risperidone-treated patients (HR = 1.47 and 0.54, respectively) compared to not having the complication (HR = 5.88 and 4.16). For mortality, the only significant baseline predictor in patients treated with risperidone was depression, which was associated with a lower relative risk (P<0.001). The relative risk of mortality was increased in risperidone patients treated with anti-inflammatory medications (P = 0.021).

    Conclusions

    Only anti-inflammatory medications increased mortality risk with risperidone. The reduced risks of CVAE in patients with comorbid depression and delusions, and of mortality with depression, may have clinical implications when weighing the benefits and risks of treatment with risperidone in patients with dementia.

  • Dietary fried fish intake increases risk of CVD: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study

  • Fadi Nahab, Keith Pearson, Michael R Frankel, Jamy Ard, Monika M Safford, Dawn Kleindorfer, Virginia J Howard, Suzanne Judd
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 19 / Issue 18 / December 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 June 2016, pp. 3327-3336
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  • Objective

    The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship of dietary fried fish consumption and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.

    Design

    Prospective cohort study among participants of the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study who resided in the USA.

    Setting

    The primary outcome measures included the hazard ratios (HR) of incident CVD including first incident fatal or non-fatal ischaemic stroke or myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality, based on cumulative average fish consumption ascertained at baseline.

    Subjects

    Participants (n 16 479) were enrolled between 2003 and 2007, completed the self-administered Block98 FFQ and were free of CVD at baseline.

    Results

    There were 700 cardiovascular events over a mean follow-up of 5·1 years. After adjustment for sociodemographic variables, health behaviours and other CVD risk factors, participants eating ≥2 servings fried fish/week (v. <1 serving/month) were at a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular events (HR=1·63; 95 % CI 1·11, 2·40). Intake of non-fried fish was not associated with risk of incident CVD. There was no association found with dietary fried or non-fried fish intake and cardiovascular or all-cause mortality.

    Conclusions

    Fried fish intake of two or more servings per week is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Given the increased intake of fried fish in the stroke belt and among African Americans, these data suggest that dietary fried fish intake may contribute to geographic and racial disparities in CVD.

  • 16 - Congressional Polarization and Its Connection to Income Inequality: An Update

  • from PART V - IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
  • Edited by James A. Thurber, American University, Washington DC, Antoine Yoshinaka, State University of New York, Buffalo
  • Book:
    American Gridlock
    Published online:
    05 November 2015
    Print publication:
    12 November 2015, pp 357-377

  • Summary

    1. • Polarization in Congress is the highest since Reconstruction.

    2. • Polarization is not an artifact of roll call voting. It also occurs in campaign contributions.

    3. • Polarization in Congress is largely due to the Republican Party becoming more conservative.

    4. • Polarization and income inequality appear to be mutually causal.

    INTRODUCTION

    This essay updates our findings on political polarization in Congress and elite political actors who work through Congress to affect public policy. We also link various threads of our research with the other essays in this volume. We begin with a discussion of the methodologies that enabled us to identify the emergence of political polarization in Congress, and then turn to substantive results.

    A BRIEF HISTORY OF D-NOMINATE AND DW-NOMINATE

    In 1984, we (Poole and Rosenthal) published a paper in the Journal of Politics titled “The Polarization of American Politics.” We found that beginning in the mid-1970s, American politics became much more divisive at the congressional level. More Democratic legislators staked out consistently liberal positions, and more Republicans supported wholly conservative ones. The primary evidence in that study, which focused exclusively on the Senate, were ratings issued by interest groups such as the Americans for Democratic Action and the United States Chamber of Commerce.

    These early findings motivated us to develop better measures of legislative ideology. Because interest group ratings are in fact aggregations of legislator roll call voting decisions, we believed that much better information would be available by scaling the individual roll call votes directly. Consequently, we adapted the standard dichotomous logit (or probit) model to develop the NOMINATE (Nominal Three-step Estimation) procedure.

    NOMINATE is based on a simple spatial model of voting behavior. Each legislator is represented by a single point, and each roll call is represented by two points – one for the “yea” position and one for “nay.” These points form a spatial map that summarizes the roll calls. This spatial map is much like a road map. Tables in road atlases that tabulate the distances between every pair of sizable cities in the United States contain much the same information as the corresponding map of the United States, but a table gives you no idea what the U.S. looks like. Indeed, atlases contain maps as well as a table. Much like a road map, a spatial map formed from roll calls gives us a way of visualizing the political world of a legislature.

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