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Sextus Empiricus and Ancient Physics
  • Edited by Keimpe Algra, Katerina Ierodiakonou
  • Published online:
    05 July 2015
    Print publication:
    22 July 2015
  • The two books of Sextus Empiricus' Against the Physicists have not received much attention in their own right, as sustained and methodical specimens of sceptical philosophy. This volume redresses the balance by offering a series of in-depth studies on them, focusing in particular on their overall argumentative structure and on the various ways in which their formal features relate to their contents, showing how Sextus' procedures vary from one section to the other, and throwing new light on the way he was using his sources. It follows Sextus' own division of these two books into nine successive topics, namely god, cause, wholes and parts, body, place, motion, time, number, coming-to-be and passing-away. These nine chapters are preceded by an introduction which discusses a number of general features of Sextus' scepticism and links the conclusions of this volume to some recent discussions on the scope of ancient scepticism.

  • 6 - Stoic Theology

  • Edited by Brad Inwood, University of Toronto
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics
    Published online:
    28 May 2006
    Print publication:
    05 May 2003, pp 153-178

  • Summary

    The object of Stoic theology was the governing principle of the cosmos, insofar as this could also be labeled 'god'. The Stoics accordingly regarded theology as part of physics, more specifically as that part which does not focus on the details and the purely physical aspects of cosmic processes, but rather on their overall coherence, teleology, and providential design, as well as on the question of how this cosmic theology relates to popular forms of belief and worship. Issues covered by Stoic theology include the nature of the divine principle of the cosmos, the existence and nature of the other gods, our proper attitude toward the gods - that is, the virtue of piety (eusebeia) and the opposite vice of impiety (asebeia), including our attitude toward traditional myth and ritual - and issues relating to fate and providence, including the way the providential ordering of the cosmos can be known by mankind by means of oracles and divination.

    Whereas the founding father of the school, Zeno of Citium, still appears to have published his theological views in the context of his main cosmological work On the whole, his successors accorded a more prominent position to theology as a subject in its own right. Cleanthes explicitly set off theology from the rest of physics, or from physics in the narrow sense (DL VII 41), and wrote a separate work On the gods. Persaeus wrote a work On impiety. Sphaerus appears to have been the first Stoic to have written a separate work On divination. Chrysippus published not only an On the gods and an On Zeus, but also works specifically devoted to fate, providence, divination, and oracles. He appears to have followed in Cleanthes’ footsteps in treating theology as a separate subdiscipline. At any rate he claimed that it was the part of physics that was to be treated last, thus putting it at the final stage of the curriculum (the study of physics as a whole coming after logic and ethics).

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