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12 results

  • Effects of chewing betel nut (Areca catechu) on the symptoms of people with schizophrenia in Palau, Micronesia

  • Roger J. Sullivan, John S. Allen, Caleb Otto, Josepha Tiobech, Karen Nero
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 177 / Issue 2 / August 2000
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 174-178
    Print publication:
    August 2000
    • Article
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  • Background

    Although millions of people with schizophrenia live in betel chewing regions, the effects of betel chewing on their symptoms are unknown. Betel nut alkaloids include potent muscarinic cholinomimetics: recent research suggests that these agents may be therapeutic in schizophrenia.

    Aims

    To compare the primary and extrapyramidal symptom profiles and substance-using habits of betel chewing v. non-chewing people with schizophrenia.

    Method

    A cross-sectional study of 70 people with schizophrenia. Symptom ratings measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS), and demographic and substance-use data, were compared for 40 chewers and 30 non-chewers of betel nut.

    Results

    Betel chewers with schizophrenia scored significantly lower on the positive (P=0.001) and negative (P=0.002) sub-scales of the PANSS than did non-chewers. There were no significant differences in extrapyramidal symptoms or tardive dyskinesia.

    Conclusions

    Betel chewing is associated with milder symptomatology and avoidance of more harmful recreational drugs. These initial results indicate that longitudinal research is merited.

The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
  • Donald Denoon, Malama Meleisea
  • With Stewart Firth, Jocelyn Linnekin, Karen Nero
  • Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    28 August 1997
  • This history presents an authoritative and comprehensive introduction to the experiences of Pacific islanders from their first settlement of the islands to the present day. It addresses the question of insularity and explores islanders' experiences thematically, covering such topics as early settlement, contact with Europeans, colonialism, politics, commerce, nuclear testing, tradition, ideology, and the role of women. It incorporates material on the Maori, the Irianese in western New Guinea, the settled immigrant communities in Fiji, New Caledonia and the Hawaiian monarchy and follows migrants to New Zealand, Australia and North America.

  • 11 - The Material World Remade

  • from Part Two - The Pacific Since 1941
  • Donald Denoon, Australian National University, Canberra, Malama Meleisea
  • With Stewart Firth, Jocelyn Linnekin, Karen Nero
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    28 August 1997, pp 359-396

  • Summary

    The movement for a nuclear-free Pacific recast itself in terms of a Nuclear-Free and Independent Pacific, recognising that national sovereignty is a pre-condition of reasserting control over the environments. Resource bases had been ravaged by the extraction of resources and capital. This chapter addresses issues which Islanders face as they interact with the environment which must sustain future generations, symbolically and materially. It raises questions, for there is no agreed framework through which to understand relations between economies, cultures and environments. The new nations largely continued the economic linkages established by their colonial predecessors in order to fund the now essential education, medical and public safety service. Transformations are more visible in the capitals-international news services, hospitals, schools and colleges. Academies prepare sailors to join international fleets. Many Pacific nations seek joint ventures with foreign companies, and purchase fishing vessels outright. The root causes are rapidly expanding populations and urbanisation. The redefinition of mineral resources depends crucially on political context.

  • 13 - The End of Insularity

  • from Part Two - The Pacific Since 1941
  • Donald Denoon, Australian National University, Canberra, Malama Meleisea
  • With Stewart Firth, Jocelyn Linnekin, Karen Nero
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    28 August 1997, pp 439-467

  • Summary

    Pacific Islands, and their inhabitants, were always more inter-related than the literature about them recognised. The End of Insularity, then, signifies the end of colonial perceptions of insularity that belied reality. It also denotes the empirical reality of contemporary lives as Islanders renew and expand linkages across the Pacific. Webs of relationships span Pacific and continental societies. Two economists coined the term MIRAB to describe the dependent economies of Kiribati, Tuvalu, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. It could also be applied to Tahiti, American Samoa, and throughout the former United States Trust Territory of Micronesia. The Marshallese have considerable experience with migrant and relocated communities. The colonial experience fragmented some wider linkages, and continues to shape present relationships. The history and nature of links to Pacific Rim countries significantly affect migration possibilities. Initial migration constraints, as well as the size, location, and time depth of the immigrant populations, have affected populations.